248
K. Bostick
players will choose to work together, but many do, even though an acceptable resolution
cannot be guaranteed.
A more sustainable aquaculture industry could exist in the view of the NGO community at large. In addition to taking steps to minimize a range of impact areas
including escapes, disease, pollution, and chemicals, most NGOs feel it is important
for the industry to move away from the production of carnivores or at least the
dependence on fishmeal and fish oil and to halt the fattening of species from depleted
wild stocks such as tuna and eel. The industry would also need to keep a watchful
eye on human health and social impacts, which would require innovation and the
adoption of new technologies. As the industry adopts change, NGOs and industry
will need to ensure that we are not creating a new problem each time we solve an
old one. Producers would need to both obey the law and go beyond it in some countries using voluntary codes practices. Multinational companies would be asked to
meet the same high standards no matter where they were producing. The industry
would need to demonstrably benefit communities. Examples of these production
systems exist around the world, and together governments, industry, and NGOs can
shift the industry so that these better systems are the norm and not the exception.
References
Black KD, Cook EJ, Jones KJ, Kelly MS, Leakey RJ, Nickell TD, Sayer MDJ, Tett P, Willis K
(2002) Review and synthesis of the environmental impacts of aquaculture. Report for the
Scottish Executive Central Research Unit
Boyd CE, McNevin AA, Clay J Johnson HM (2005) Certification issues for some common aquaculture species. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13:231–279
Bridgespan Group (2005) Seafood choices initiative evaluation. Prepared for the David & Lucile
Packard Foundation
Clay J (2004) World Agriculture and the Environment: a commodity-by-commodity guide to
impacts and practices. World Wildlife Fund and Island Press, Washington DC
Dekker W (2007) Eel stocks dangerously close to collapse. ICES Article. Downloaded from
http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/eel.asp May 28, 2007
Esmark M, Stensland S, Synnove Lilleeng M (2005) On the run—escaped farmed fish in
Norwegian waters. WWF-Norway, Oslo
Fransen T (2005) The economic and environmental case against farming marginal land in commercial agriculture operations. In: Clay J, Rajbhandari B (eds), Agriculture and the
Environment Volume II, Thematic Issues: A WWF Handbook on Agriculture Policies and
Issues. World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004) The State of World
Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. FAO, Rome
FAO (2007a) The State of World Fisheries and Aquacutlure 2006. FAO, Rome
FAO (2007b) FISHSTAT Plus. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Aquaculture
Information and Statistics Service
Hansen LP, Fiske P, Holm M, Jensen AJ, og Sægrov H (2006) Bestandsstatus for laks. Rapport fra
arbeidsgruppe. Utredning for DN 2006-3:48 sider
ICES (2006) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management., Advisory
Committee on the Marine Environment and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, 2006. ICES
Advice Books 1–10:6, 310 pp
K. Bostick
players will choose to work together, but many do, even though an acceptable resolution
cannot be guaranteed.
A more sustainable aquaculture industry could exist in the view of the NGO community at large. In addition to taking steps to minimize a range of impact areas
including escapes, disease, pollution, and chemicals, most NGOs feel it is important
for the industry to move away from the production of carnivores or at least the
dependence on fishmeal and fish oil and to halt the fattening of species from depleted
wild stocks such as tuna and eel. The industry would also need to keep a watchful
eye on human health and social impacts, which would require innovation and the
adoption of new technologies. As the industry adopts change, NGOs and industry
will need to ensure that we are not creating a new problem each time we solve an
old one. Producers would need to both obey the law and go beyond it in some countries using voluntary codes practices. Multinational companies would be asked to
meet the same high standards no matter where they were producing. The industry
would need to demonstrably benefit communities. Examples of these production
systems exist around the world, and together governments, industry, and NGOs can
shift the industry so that these better systems are the norm and not the exception.
References
Black KD, Cook EJ, Jones KJ, Kelly MS, Leakey RJ, Nickell TD, Sayer MDJ, Tett P, Willis K
(2002) Review and synthesis of the environmental impacts of aquaculture. Report for the
Scottish Executive Central Research Unit
Boyd CE, McNevin AA, Clay J Johnson HM (2005) Certification issues for some common aquaculture species. Reviews in Fisheries Science 13:231–279
Bridgespan Group (2005) Seafood choices initiative evaluation. Prepared for the David & Lucile
Packard Foundation
Clay J (2004) World Agriculture and the Environment: a commodity-by-commodity guide to
impacts and practices. World Wildlife Fund and Island Press, Washington DC
Dekker W (2007) Eel stocks dangerously close to collapse. ICES Article. Downloaded from
http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/eel.asp May 28, 2007
Esmark M, Stensland S, Synnove Lilleeng M (2005) On the run—escaped farmed fish in
Norwegian waters. WWF-Norway, Oslo
Fransen T (2005) The economic and environmental case against farming marginal land in commercial agriculture operations. In: Clay J, Rajbhandari B (eds), Agriculture and the
Environment Volume II, Thematic Issues: A WWF Handbook on Agriculture Policies and
Issues. World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004) The State of World
Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004. FAO, Rome
FAO (2007a) The State of World Fisheries and Aquacutlure 2006. FAO, Rome
FAO (2007b) FISHSTAT Plus. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Fisheries Aquaculture
Information and Statistics Service
Hansen LP, Fiske P, Holm M, Jensen AJ, og Sægrov H (2006) Bestandsstatus for laks. Rapport fra
arbeidsgruppe. Utredning for DN 2006-3:48 sider
ICES (2006) Report of the ICES Advisory Committee on Fishery Management., Advisory
Committee on the Marine Environment and Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, 2006. ICES
Advice Books 1–10:6, 310 pp