6 Safe and Nutritious Aquaculture Produce
211
farmed salmon sourced in Europe in 2002 and also similar to wild chinook salmon
from British Columbia but was higher than farmed Atlantic salmon from Chile or
North America. However, the flesh concentration in RAFOA fish fed FO was lower
than the concentration found in salmon obtained in Scotland in 1999 by Jacobs et
al. (2002b). The flesh concentration in salmon fed 75% VO was only 28% of that
found in fish fed FO and the levels in the former were comparable to salmon
sourced in Chile but still significantly higher than wild chum, pink, coho and
sockeye sourced from British Columbia and Alaska (Hites et al. 2004b). In
comparison to dioxins and DL-PCBs there are no TEQ values assigned to any
PBDE congeners or any tolerable daily intake (TDI) values calculated at the present
time. However, there is some evidence from studies with mice and rats, fed high
doses (30 mg/kg/day) of PBDE during gestation, that neurodevelopmental and
thyroid hormone defects could result (Fowles et al. 1994; Zhou et al. 2002). Similar
effects on thyroid hormones, as well as increased oxidative stress and altered retinol
concentrations, were seen in American kestrels when eggs were dosed and nestlings
were fed doses of PBDE congeners between 100 and 1500 ng/g with these concentrations being similar to values found in Great Lakes trout and Great Lakes gull
eggs respectively (Fernie et al. 2005). However, the values used in this dosing study
are 33–500 times greater than those found in salmon fed diets containing FO and
the recent SACN/COT (2004) report stated that levels found in fish in the UK were
unlikely to present any risk to human health. In addition, the ban on production of
penta- to nono-BDEs, introduced in EU countries in 2004, should prevent any
future increases in PBDEs in the European food chain.
Following the recent SACN/COT (2004) report the UK Food Standards Agency
(FSA, www.food.gov.uk) revised their advice to consumers regarding consumption
of fish. The new recommendation suggests a weekly intake of up to four 140 g
portions of oily fish per week for men, boys and women over reproductive age, up
75
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
PBDE 28
PBDE 47
PBDE 99
PBDE 100
PBDE 153
PBDE 154
% VO
pg /g wet weight
Fig. 6.7 Concentrations of the six principal PBDE congeners (pg/g wet weight) in flesh of
salmon fed diets containing 100% fish oil (FO) or 75% vegetable oil blend (VO) for 24 months
post-first feeding
211
farmed salmon sourced in Europe in 2002 and also similar to wild chinook salmon
from British Columbia but was higher than farmed Atlantic salmon from Chile or
North America. However, the flesh concentration in RAFOA fish fed FO was lower
than the concentration found in salmon obtained in Scotland in 1999 by Jacobs et
al. (2002b). The flesh concentration in salmon fed 75% VO was only 28% of that
found in fish fed FO and the levels in the former were comparable to salmon
sourced in Chile but still significantly higher than wild chum, pink, coho and
sockeye sourced from British Columbia and Alaska (Hites et al. 2004b). In
comparison to dioxins and DL-PCBs there are no TEQ values assigned to any
PBDE congeners or any tolerable daily intake (TDI) values calculated at the present
time. However, there is some evidence from studies with mice and rats, fed high
doses (30 mg/kg/day) of PBDE during gestation, that neurodevelopmental and
thyroid hormone defects could result (Fowles et al. 1994; Zhou et al. 2002). Similar
effects on thyroid hormones, as well as increased oxidative stress and altered retinol
concentrations, were seen in American kestrels when eggs were dosed and nestlings
were fed doses of PBDE congeners between 100 and 1500 ng/g with these concentrations being similar to values found in Great Lakes trout and Great Lakes gull
eggs respectively (Fernie et al. 2005). However, the values used in this dosing study
are 33–500 times greater than those found in salmon fed diets containing FO and
the recent SACN/COT (2004) report stated that levels found in fish in the UK were
unlikely to present any risk to human health. In addition, the ban on production of
penta- to nono-BDEs, introduced in EU countries in 2004, should prevent any
future increases in PBDEs in the European food chain.
Following the recent SACN/COT (2004) report the UK Food Standards Agency
(FSA, www.food.gov.uk) revised their advice to consumers regarding consumption
of fish. The new recommendation suggests a weekly intake of up to four 140 g
portions of oily fish per week for men, boys and women over reproductive age, up
75
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
PBDE 28
PBDE 47
PBDE 99
PBDE 100
PBDE 153
PBDE 154
% VO
pg /g wet weight
Fig. 6.7 Concentrations of the six principal PBDE congeners (pg/g wet weight) in flesh of
salmon fed diets containing 100% fish oil (FO) or 75% vegetable oil blend (VO) for 24 months
post-first feeding