5 Non-Native Species in Aquaculture
159
in hatchery flow trays from the 1880s. Several species later became exchanged or
spread to different world regions which led to introductions of the Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss, subsequently cultured in freshwater as well as in sea cages,
and Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Lake trout S. namaycush for stocking
mountain lakes in Europe.
With increases in international trade, improved biological knowledge, production of food for young stages, and increased technological developments, cultivation became practical. The hatchery techniques for bivalves developed by
Loosanoff and Davis (1963) in North America soon were utilised in Britain and
France from the 1960s and 1970s making it possible to raise several species. Not
all of the species imported and used in experimental trials were considered useful
(Utting and Spencer 1992). It was the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the
Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum that became widely used in culture throughout much of northern Europe. Total production of C. gigas reached 122,000 t in
2004 and 29% of all aquaculture production consisted of non-native species in
Europe by 2005 (FAO 2006a; Fig. 5.2). Other species that were intentionally introduced but are in cultivation at comparatively small levels of production, are, for
example, the Japanese abalone Haliotus discus hannai in Ireland and the Japanese
shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Spain.
Some species arrived in Europe accidentally and have subsequently been utilised.
One of these, the red alga Asparagopsis armata, arrived in ~1940 and is now cultivated for the production of cosmetic products (Kraan and Barrington 2005).
5.1.3 Non-Native Species Production in Latin America
and the Caribbean
Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have exhibited the greatest expansion
in their aquaculture industries compared to other regions, experiencing a 21.3% annual
growth rate since the 1950s, when aquaculture production was minimal (<7,000 t)
(FAO 2006b). Substantial growth in aquaculture production began in the late 1970s,
primarily supported by shrimp and salmon production in three countries in South
America: Ecuador, Brazil and Chile. The development of the world shrimp market in
the 1970s and 80s saw considerable investment in these countries, particularly in
Ecuador, which concentrated on the native shrimp species Penaeus vannamei.
Brazil also concentrated its production efforts on shrimp and imported the nonnatives P. monodon and P. japonicus in the 1970s (FAO 2006a). The culture of the
non-native P. vannemei began to increase substantially in the early 1990s in Brazil
and this species is now the dominant shrimp species grown in the country with the
production of 76,000 t in 2004. The non-native Common carp, Cyprinus carpio and
the various tilapia species, including the blue Oreochromis aureus, Mozambique
O. mossambicus, Nile O. niloticus and Wami O. urolepis imported to Brazil in the
1960s and 70s also comprise a large proportion of Brazil’s aquaculture production
with 114,248 t produced in 2004 (FAO 2006a).
159
in hatchery flow trays from the 1880s. Several species later became exchanged or
spread to different world regions which led to introductions of the Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss, subsequently cultured in freshwater as well as in sea cages,
and Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Lake trout S. namaycush for stocking
mountain lakes in Europe.
With increases in international trade, improved biological knowledge, production of food for young stages, and increased technological developments, cultivation became practical. The hatchery techniques for bivalves developed by
Loosanoff and Davis (1963) in North America soon were utilised in Britain and
France from the 1960s and 1970s making it possible to raise several species. Not
all of the species imported and used in experimental trials were considered useful
(Utting and Spencer 1992). It was the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and the
Manila clam Venerupis philippinarum that became widely used in culture throughout much of northern Europe. Total production of C. gigas reached 122,000 t in
2004 and 29% of all aquaculture production consisted of non-native species in
Europe by 2005 (FAO 2006a; Fig. 5.2). Other species that were intentionally introduced but are in cultivation at comparatively small levels of production, are, for
example, the Japanese abalone Haliotus discus hannai in Ireland and the Japanese
shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Spain.
Some species arrived in Europe accidentally and have subsequently been utilised.
One of these, the red alga Asparagopsis armata, arrived in ~1940 and is now cultivated for the production of cosmetic products (Kraan and Barrington 2005).
5.1.3 Non-Native Species Production in Latin America
and the Caribbean
Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have exhibited the greatest expansion
in their aquaculture industries compared to other regions, experiencing a 21.3% annual
growth rate since the 1950s, when aquaculture production was minimal (<7,000 t)
(FAO 2006b). Substantial growth in aquaculture production began in the late 1970s,
primarily supported by shrimp and salmon production in three countries in South
America: Ecuador, Brazil and Chile. The development of the world shrimp market in
the 1970s and 80s saw considerable investment in these countries, particularly in
Ecuador, which concentrated on the native shrimp species Penaeus vannamei.
Brazil also concentrated its production efforts on shrimp and imported the nonnatives P. monodon and P. japonicus in the 1970s (FAO 2006a). The culture of the
non-native P. vannemei began to increase substantially in the early 1990s in Brazil
and this species is now the dominant shrimp species grown in the country with the
production of 76,000 t in 2004. The non-native Common carp, Cyprinus carpio and
the various tilapia species, including the blue Oreochromis aureus, Mozambique
O. mossambicus, Nile O. niloticus and Wami O. urolepis imported to Brazil in the
1960s and 70s also comprise a large proportion of Brazil’s aquaculture production
with 114,248 t produced in 2004 (FAO 2006a).