65
4 Historical Review of Cephalopods Culture
Paroctopus digueti, and in which O� bimaculoides was pinpointed as the best species for culture. A full description of the seawater systems was given as well as its
maintenance and operability logistics. Closed seawater systems were suggested as a
way of preventing high variability in salinity conditions. However, caution with the
use of copper in these systems was recommended due to its toxicity to cephalopods.
Details on stocking density (300–700 hatchlings m
−2
), prey size (1/3 to 2× octopus
mantle length), prey type (mysids and palaemonid shrimps) and alternative foods
were presented. Moreover, the effects of temperature on growth, reproduction and
duration of life cycle were assessed by Forsythe and Hanlon (1988).
Regarding squids, Yang et al. (1980) were the first to successfully rear D� pealeii
hatchlings. A full description of the conditions (seawater systems and food) that
allowed the rearing of D� opalescens to the juvenile stage were published by Yang
et al. (1983), experiments of adaptation of D� plei, D� pealeii and Lolliguncula brevis to captive conditions by Hanlon et al. (1983) and the culture in captivity was
established 3 years later by Yang et al. (1986). In that same year, Turk et al. (1986)
reared L� vulgaris from hatching with some success. In a series of trials, they collected information regarding food type, feeding densities, growth and survival.
Culture conditions for L� forbesii were published by Hanlon et al. (1989). All the
gathered knowledge resulted in a review on how to design closed seawater systems
and culture loliginid squids by Yang et al. (1989). According to these authors, squid
hatchlings should be reared in 3,000 L circular tanks, with low light intensities
(4–53 Lx) and fed on mysid shrimps. As for juveniles, a setup of a 10,000 L raceway
tank should be used with constant illumination not exceeding 88 Lx. Further details
and schemes are presented in the work.
All the previous research lead to the reviews on alternative diets for maintaining
and rearing cephalopods in captivity by Toll and Strain (1988) and DeRusha et al.
(1989), where the suitability of several freshwater and terrestrial food organisms
(crayfish, fishes, clams, snails, earthworms, insect larvae and salamanders) as well
as live and frozen diets (marine shrimps, marine worms, marine crabs, marine fish,
adult brine shrimp) were assessed for different cephalopod species ( O� bimaculoides, O� maya, P� digueti, O� joubini and S� officinalis) and life stages. Crayfish was
the most accepted diet and the one providing the best results in growth among the
freshwater and terrestrial food items tried. On the other hand, frozen diets provided
similar growth compared to live diets.
During those years, the NRCC researchers also published a vast group of publications regarding cephalopod pathologies and healing methods that are revised in
Chap. 6—Welfare and diseases under culture conditions.
In 1983, the first volume (Species Accounts) of the book Cephalopod Life Cycles
was published by Academic Press and edited by Peter Boyle. Four years later, the
second volume (Comparative Reviews) was published including a full chapter dedicated to reviewing cephalopod culture (Mariculture by Hanlon (1987)) and another
one to cephalopod diets (Nixon 1987).
During this decade, several papers (Boucaud-Camou 1981; Boucaud-Camou and
Yim 1981; Boucaud-Camou 1982; Boucaud-Camou et al. 1985) and book chapters
(Boucaud-Camou and Boucher-Rodoni 1983; Boucher-Rodoni et al. 1987) were
4 Historical Review of Cephalopods Culture
Paroctopus digueti, and in which O� bimaculoides was pinpointed as the best species for culture. A full description of the seawater systems was given as well as its
maintenance and operability logistics. Closed seawater systems were suggested as a
way of preventing high variability in salinity conditions. However, caution with the
use of copper in these systems was recommended due to its toxicity to cephalopods.
Details on stocking density (300–700 hatchlings m
−2
), prey size (1/3 to 2× octopus
mantle length), prey type (mysids and palaemonid shrimps) and alternative foods
were presented. Moreover, the effects of temperature on growth, reproduction and
duration of life cycle were assessed by Forsythe and Hanlon (1988).
Regarding squids, Yang et al. (1980) were the first to successfully rear D� pealeii
hatchlings. A full description of the conditions (seawater systems and food) that
allowed the rearing of D� opalescens to the juvenile stage were published by Yang
et al. (1983), experiments of adaptation of D� plei, D� pealeii and Lolliguncula brevis to captive conditions by Hanlon et al. (1983) and the culture in captivity was
established 3 years later by Yang et al. (1986). In that same year, Turk et al. (1986)
reared L� vulgaris from hatching with some success. In a series of trials, they collected information regarding food type, feeding densities, growth and survival.
Culture conditions for L� forbesii were published by Hanlon et al. (1989). All the
gathered knowledge resulted in a review on how to design closed seawater systems
and culture loliginid squids by Yang et al. (1989). According to these authors, squid
hatchlings should be reared in 3,000 L circular tanks, with low light intensities
(4–53 Lx) and fed on mysid shrimps. As for juveniles, a setup of a 10,000 L raceway
tank should be used with constant illumination not exceeding 88 Lx. Further details
and schemes are presented in the work.
All the previous research lead to the reviews on alternative diets for maintaining
and rearing cephalopods in captivity by Toll and Strain (1988) and DeRusha et al.
(1989), where the suitability of several freshwater and terrestrial food organisms
(crayfish, fishes, clams, snails, earthworms, insect larvae and salamanders) as well
as live and frozen diets (marine shrimps, marine worms, marine crabs, marine fish,
adult brine shrimp) were assessed for different cephalopod species ( O� bimaculoides, O� maya, P� digueti, O� joubini and S� officinalis) and life stages. Crayfish was
the most accepted diet and the one providing the best results in growth among the
freshwater and terrestrial food items tried. On the other hand, frozen diets provided
similar growth compared to live diets.
During those years, the NRCC researchers also published a vast group of publications regarding cephalopod pathologies and healing methods that are revised in
Chap. 6—Welfare and diseases under culture conditions.
In 1983, the first volume (Species Accounts) of the book Cephalopod Life Cycles
was published by Academic Press and edited by Peter Boyle. Four years later, the
second volume (Comparative Reviews) was published including a full chapter dedicated to reviewing cephalopod culture (Mariculture by Hanlon (1987)) and another
one to cephalopod diets (Nixon 1987).
During this decade, several papers (Boucaud-Camou 1981; Boucaud-Camou and
Yim 1981; Boucaud-Camou 1982; Boucaud-Camou et al. 1985) and book chapters
(Boucaud-Camou and Boucher-Rodoni 1983; Boucher-Rodoni et al. 1987) were