341
and Walsh et al. (2002) used a 15,000-L raceway (2.4 × 6.1 × 0.9 m) and a 50,000L circular tank (6.5 m circular line, 1.75 m depth) filled with artificial seawater.
Juvenile squid of 30–40 mm ML were transferred from their nursing tanks to these
ongrowing tanks. The ongrowing density of this system was 5.6 individuals·m
−3
. An
average water temperature of 23 °C is a major factor that can extend the life span
and the final size of cultured squid. After about 300 days, squid are 214–260 mm in
length and 682–1,073 g in weight. Six generations have been cultured using this system. Ikeda et al. (2003, 2009a) used a large circular tank with a 10,000-L capacity
(4 m diameter, 1 m water depth) connected to an algae tank (Fig. 17.8) and smaller
20-, 50-, and 1,700-L-capacity tanks. The squid grew to 268 mm in length 243 days
after hatching (20–23 °C). Three consecutive generations were cultured using this
system. Lee et al. (1998b) suggested that, in a closed system, removal of ink (ejected
by frightened squid) was an important consideration peculiar to filtration systems.
Closed water systems maintained at 21–26 °C have been used to successfully
culture three to seven consecutive generations of S� lessoniana (Lee et al. 1994;
Walsh et al. 2002; Ikeda et al. 2009a; Fig. 17.11). Ueta (2000b) reported that the
mortality rate in a long-term rearing experiment of S� lessoniana using an open
water system increased when the temperature fell below 20 °C. In the wild, lower
temperatures (15 °C) affect the movement and distribution of S� lessoniana (Ueta
and Jo 1990). Therefore, temperatures should be maintained between 20 and 30 °C
for S� lessoniana culture.
Both natural light and artificial light are used for the culture of S� lessoniana
in open and closed water systems (Tsuchiya 1982; Lee et al. 1994; Walsh et al.
2002; Ikeda et al. 2003, 2009a). In closed water systems, fluorescent and metal
halide bulbs are used for illumination. Young S� lessoniana generally avoid both the
brightest part (85 Lx) and darkest part (5 Lx) of the tank (Lee et al. 1994), whereas
adult squid avoid the brightest areas of tanks (Ikeda, unpublished observation).
The required physical and chemical parameters of the seawater used for
squid culture are, on average, pH 7.9–8.2, NH 4 -N 0.009–0.044 mg·L
−1
,
NO 2 -N 0.023–0.069 mg·L
−1
, and NO 3 -N 9.6–36.0 mg·L
−1
(Walsh et al.
2002) or pH 7.8 ± 0.2, ammonia 4.7 ± 11.7 mg·L
−1
, nitrite 0.3 mg·L
−1
, nitrate
114 ± 73 mg·L
−1
, and salinity 35.8 ± 1.2 psu (Ikeda et al. 2009a). As with other
loliginids, ammonia concentrations that are too high cause sudden death of
S� lessoniana. In addition, drastic changes in water quality and temperature
can also cause immediate squid death.
17.4 Trends in Research and Industrial Level
One of the main focuses of future research should include the development of feed
for large-scale culture, with live and artificial feed that are similar to that used
for the cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis and Sepiella inermis (see also Chaps. 12 and
13). Problems such as the cost and supply of live feed and the availability of an
17 Sepioteuthis lessoniana
and Walsh et al. (2002) used a 15,000-L raceway (2.4 × 6.1 × 0.9 m) and a 50,000L circular tank (6.5 m circular line, 1.75 m depth) filled with artificial seawater.
Juvenile squid of 30–40 mm ML were transferred from their nursing tanks to these
ongrowing tanks. The ongrowing density of this system was 5.6 individuals·m
−3
. An
average water temperature of 23 °C is a major factor that can extend the life span
and the final size of cultured squid. After about 300 days, squid are 214–260 mm in
length and 682–1,073 g in weight. Six generations have been cultured using this system. Ikeda et al. (2003, 2009a) used a large circular tank with a 10,000-L capacity
(4 m diameter, 1 m water depth) connected to an algae tank (Fig. 17.8) and smaller
20-, 50-, and 1,700-L-capacity tanks. The squid grew to 268 mm in length 243 days
after hatching (20–23 °C). Three consecutive generations were cultured using this
system. Lee et al. (1998b) suggested that, in a closed system, removal of ink (ejected
by frightened squid) was an important consideration peculiar to filtration systems.
Closed water systems maintained at 21–26 °C have been used to successfully
culture three to seven consecutive generations of S� lessoniana (Lee et al. 1994;
Walsh et al. 2002; Ikeda et al. 2009a; Fig. 17.11). Ueta (2000b) reported that the
mortality rate in a long-term rearing experiment of S� lessoniana using an open
water system increased when the temperature fell below 20 °C. In the wild, lower
temperatures (15 °C) affect the movement and distribution of S� lessoniana (Ueta
and Jo 1990). Therefore, temperatures should be maintained between 20 and 30 °C
for S� lessoniana culture.
Both natural light and artificial light are used for the culture of S� lessoniana
in open and closed water systems (Tsuchiya 1982; Lee et al. 1994; Walsh et al.
2002; Ikeda et al. 2003, 2009a). In closed water systems, fluorescent and metal
halide bulbs are used for illumination. Young S� lessoniana generally avoid both the
brightest part (85 Lx) and darkest part (5 Lx) of the tank (Lee et al. 1994), whereas
adult squid avoid the brightest areas of tanks (Ikeda, unpublished observation).
The required physical and chemical parameters of the seawater used for
squid culture are, on average, pH 7.9–8.2, NH 4 -N 0.009–0.044 mg·L
−1
,
NO 2 -N 0.023–0.069 mg·L
−1
, and NO 3 -N 9.6–36.0 mg·L
−1
(Walsh et al.
2002) or pH 7.8 ± 0.2, ammonia 4.7 ± 11.7 mg·L
−1
, nitrite 0.3 mg·L
−1
, nitrate
114 ± 73 mg·L
−1
, and salinity 35.8 ± 1.2 psu (Ikeda et al. 2009a). As with other
loliginids, ammonia concentrations that are too high cause sudden death of
S� lessoniana. In addition, drastic changes in water quality and temperature
can also cause immediate squid death.
17.4 Trends in Research and Industrial Level
One of the main focuses of future research should include the development of feed
for large-scale culture, with live and artificial feed that are similar to that used
for the cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis and Sepiella inermis (see also Chaps. 12 and
13). Problems such as the cost and supply of live feed and the availability of an
17 Sepioteuthis lessoniana