274
E. A. G. Vidal and S. von Boletzky
at the Naples Station. A major contribution from the Naples Station is a catalogue
of body patterning in cephalopods (see Packard 1995), describing and illustrating
also the chromatic components, body patterns and displays observed in L. vulgaris
(Borrelli et al. 2006).
A survey of the biology of L. vulgaris in the western Mediterranean was performed by Mangold-Wirz (1963) giving information on sexual maturation, mating
and spawning.
Statoliths studies revealed a lifespan around 15 months, with males maturing earlier and at smaller sizes than females (Moreno et al. 2007). However, longer lifespans
were estimated in males from the Galician waters, but shorter (9 months) in squid
from the Portuguese waters and the Sahara shelf. Maturity was ultimately found to
be primarily dependent on size rather than age. Detailed information on life cycle,
maturation and reproduction of L. vulgaris can be found in Moreno et al. (2013).
Following earlier reports by Collins (1892), Scofield (1924) and others, Fields
(1950) surveyed the fishery and biology of D. opalescens, providing catch statistics
from the Monterey area beginning in the 1930s, and offered detailed observations
on maturation and spawning. McGowan (1954) summarized his biological study of
D. opalescens, especially laboratory observations on animals collected by diving. A
richly illustrated monograph covering fisheries, general biology and development
of D. opalescens is due to Fields (1965) who also described feeding behaviour in
the aquarium.
Hurley (1977, 1978) studied the mating behaviour and school structure of D.
opalescens in the laboratory and in the field, using artificial eggs to study the visual stimulus of egg masses on spawners. Recksiek and Frey (1978) coordinated
a publication uniting a dozen original articles covering the results of 3 years of
research on D. opalescens. Starting from background information on market squid
research, basic life history and the California squid fishery, presented by the two
coordinators, there are studies of spermatogenesis (Grieb and Beeman 1978), oögenesis (Knipe and Beeman 1978), age and growth (Spratt 1978), feeding dynamics
(Karpov and Caillet 1978), importance of D. opalescens in the marine vertebrate
food web (Morejohn et al. 1978), morphological indicators of population structure
(Kashiwada and Recksiek 1978), biochemical genetic population structure (Ally
and Keck 1978), electrophoresis of select proteins (Christofferson et al. 1978),
acoustic sensing (Vaughan and Recksiek 1978), target strength of individual squid
(Vaughan 1978) and correlations between squid catches and oceanographic conditions (McInnis and Broenkow 1978).
More presentations on these loliginid species are available in volume I of Cephalopod Life Cycles (Boyle 1983), with individual chapters for L. vulgaris (Worms
1983) and D. opalescens (Hixon 1983) covering the ‘Egg stage’, the ‘Juvenile stage’,
‘Growth’, ‘Maturation’, ‘Reproduction’, ‘Mortality’ and ‘Ecology’. In the abovementioned volume, Worms (1983) deals with characteristics of L. vulgaris, unfortunately introducing several errors. The correct graphs for embryonic development of
L. vulgaris that should have been given by Worms (1983) in his Fig. 9.1 are recapitulated in volume II of Cephalopod Life Cycles (Boletzky 1987, Fig. 2.1b). For D. opalescens, recent in-depth information on life cycles can be found in Zeidberg (2013).
E. A. G. Vidal and S. von Boletzky
at the Naples Station. A major contribution from the Naples Station is a catalogue
of body patterning in cephalopods (see Packard 1995), describing and illustrating
also the chromatic components, body patterns and displays observed in L. vulgaris
(Borrelli et al. 2006).
A survey of the biology of L. vulgaris in the western Mediterranean was performed by Mangold-Wirz (1963) giving information on sexual maturation, mating
and spawning.
Statoliths studies revealed a lifespan around 15 months, with males maturing earlier and at smaller sizes than females (Moreno et al. 2007). However, longer lifespans
were estimated in males from the Galician waters, but shorter (9 months) in squid
from the Portuguese waters and the Sahara shelf. Maturity was ultimately found to
be primarily dependent on size rather than age. Detailed information on life cycle,
maturation and reproduction of L. vulgaris can be found in Moreno et al. (2013).
Following earlier reports by Collins (1892), Scofield (1924) and others, Fields
(1950) surveyed the fishery and biology of D. opalescens, providing catch statistics
from the Monterey area beginning in the 1930s, and offered detailed observations
on maturation and spawning. McGowan (1954) summarized his biological study of
D. opalescens, especially laboratory observations on animals collected by diving. A
richly illustrated monograph covering fisheries, general biology and development
of D. opalescens is due to Fields (1965) who also described feeding behaviour in
the aquarium.
Hurley (1977, 1978) studied the mating behaviour and school structure of D.
opalescens in the laboratory and in the field, using artificial eggs to study the visual stimulus of egg masses on spawners. Recksiek and Frey (1978) coordinated
a publication uniting a dozen original articles covering the results of 3 years of
research on D. opalescens. Starting from background information on market squid
research, basic life history and the California squid fishery, presented by the two
coordinators, there are studies of spermatogenesis (Grieb and Beeman 1978), oögenesis (Knipe and Beeman 1978), age and growth (Spratt 1978), feeding dynamics
(Karpov and Caillet 1978), importance of D. opalescens in the marine vertebrate
food web (Morejohn et al. 1978), morphological indicators of population structure
(Kashiwada and Recksiek 1978), biochemical genetic population structure (Ally
and Keck 1978), electrophoresis of select proteins (Christofferson et al. 1978),
acoustic sensing (Vaughan and Recksiek 1978), target strength of individual squid
(Vaughan 1978) and correlations between squid catches and oceanographic conditions (McInnis and Broenkow 1978).
More presentations on these loliginid species are available in volume I of Cephalopod Life Cycles (Boyle 1983), with individual chapters for L. vulgaris (Worms
1983) and D. opalescens (Hixon 1983) covering the ‘Egg stage’, the ‘Juvenile stage’,
‘Growth’, ‘Maturation’, ‘Reproduction’, ‘Mortality’ and ‘Ecology’. In the abovementioned volume, Worms (1983) deals with characteristics of L. vulgaris, unfortunately introducing several errors. The correct graphs for embryonic development of
L. vulgaris that should have been given by Worms (1983) in his Fig. 9.1 are recapitulated in volume II of Cephalopod Life Cycles (Boletzky 1987, Fig. 2.1b). For D. opalescens, recent in-depth information on life cycles can be found in Zeidberg (2013).