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R. Chuenpagdee and R. Mahon
interpersonal, economic, political, or any other type of relations (Scott 1991 ; 1996 ) .
The retrieved relational data can be expressed as graphs (referred to as sociograms),
in which actors (individuals or groups) are connected by lines that express the
relationships among them. SNA can be used to assess communications, cooperation and other inter-organizational environments within the network (Borgatti et al.
2009 ) . An attractive feature of SNA is the explicit representation of information
sharing patterns within and across groups, in turn, revealing key actors and important networks within the social system. Like other approaches, SNA alone is not
suf fi cient to provide a full understanding of the situations and conditions surrounding the social systems (Martinez et al. 2003 ) , and should therefore be used in combination with other methods.
Closely related to SNA are social capital assessment and the sustainable livelihoods approach. Both are useful when gauging local level capacity for self-support,
organization and pursuing common goals (Campbell 2008 ; IMM 2008 ; Cinner and
Bodin 2010 ) . De fi ned as the ‘institutions and relationships, as well as the trust, norms
and values, that govern interactions among people and contribute to economic and
social development’ (Grootaert and Van Bastelaer 2002 , 2), social capital has parallel
concepts in many social science disciplines. In an effort to reduce poverty and
inequality, the World Bank supported the development of ‘Social Capital Assessment
Tool’ (SOCAT), a mixture of qualitative and quantitative instruments (e.g., household surveys, questionnaires, and interviews) used to determine the likely changes in
productive behavior at the household and community levels in response to policy
change. Applications in fi sheries have been made, for instance, by Bodin and Crona
( 2008 ) , who examine the role of social capital in resource management in Africa, and
by Adger ( 2003 ) to look at collective actions in the context of climate change in
coastal areas, drawing on case studies from Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.
As with the natural system, modeling techniques are employed to help understand complexity in the social system and account for uncertainty. Fishers’ behaviors and fi shing strategies at individual and group levels are analyzed to recognize
the complexity and dynamics of a fi shery system. Salas et al.’s ( 2004 ) study of
fi sheries in the Yucatan coast of Mexico, for instance, reveals that fi shers make daily
decisions about what species to target, what gear to use, where to fi sh and whether
they should cooperate with fellow fi shers to secure high catches. For managers,
modeling and simulation exercises are generally helpful when predicting what
fi shers’ decisions may be and how they may behave in the context of new rules and
regulations, irrespective of the roles uncertainty and un-expectancy may play in
their behavior.
Linked Social-Ecological System
In order to recognize the link between the natural and social systems-to-be-governed,
we require an assessment of the impact that change in the natural system has on the
social system, and vice versa, as well as an assessment of how the social system
R. Chuenpagdee and R. Mahon
interpersonal, economic, political, or any other type of relations (Scott 1991 ; 1996 ) .
The retrieved relational data can be expressed as graphs (referred to as sociograms),
in which actors (individuals or groups) are connected by lines that express the
relationships among them. SNA can be used to assess communications, cooperation and other inter-organizational environments within the network (Borgatti et al.
2009 ) . An attractive feature of SNA is the explicit representation of information
sharing patterns within and across groups, in turn, revealing key actors and important networks within the social system. Like other approaches, SNA alone is not
suf fi cient to provide a full understanding of the situations and conditions surrounding the social systems (Martinez et al. 2003 ) , and should therefore be used in combination with other methods.
Closely related to SNA are social capital assessment and the sustainable livelihoods approach. Both are useful when gauging local level capacity for self-support,
organization and pursuing common goals (Campbell 2008 ; IMM 2008 ; Cinner and
Bodin 2010 ) . De fi ned as the ‘institutions and relationships, as well as the trust, norms
and values, that govern interactions among people and contribute to economic and
social development’ (Grootaert and Van Bastelaer 2002 , 2), social capital has parallel
concepts in many social science disciplines. In an effort to reduce poverty and
inequality, the World Bank supported the development of ‘Social Capital Assessment
Tool’ (SOCAT), a mixture of qualitative and quantitative instruments (e.g., household surveys, questionnaires, and interviews) used to determine the likely changes in
productive behavior at the household and community levels in response to policy
change. Applications in fi sheries have been made, for instance, by Bodin and Crona
( 2008 ) , who examine the role of social capital in resource management in Africa, and
by Adger ( 2003 ) to look at collective actions in the context of climate change in
coastal areas, drawing on case studies from Southeast Asia and the Caribbean.
As with the natural system, modeling techniques are employed to help understand complexity in the social system and account for uncertainty. Fishers’ behaviors and fi shing strategies at individual and group levels are analyzed to recognize
the complexity and dynamics of a fi shery system. Salas et al.’s ( 2004 ) study of
fi sheries in the Yucatan coast of Mexico, for instance, reveals that fi shers make daily
decisions about what species to target, what gear to use, where to fi sh and whether
they should cooperate with fellow fi shers to secure high catches. For managers,
modeling and simulation exercises are generally helpful when predicting what
fi shers’ decisions may be and how they may behave in the context of new rules and
regulations, irrespective of the roles uncertainty and un-expectancy may play in
their behavior.
Linked Social-Ecological System
In order to recognize the link between the natural and social systems-to-be-governed,
we require an assessment of the impact that change in the natural system has on the
social system, and vice versa, as well as an assessment of how the social system