269
14 Approaches and Tools for Examining Governability
common ones like gross domestic product and emerging ones like job satisfaction
(Pollnac et al. 2001 ) and human well-being (McGregor 2007 ) . The latter is employed
to indicate the current state of persons in the community, and consequently to design
appropriate policy interventions to improve their well-being (UNEP 2006 ) . The
well-being approach is being promoted as a way to help link environmental sustainability with societal objectives like poverty alleviation and improving quality of life
(Coulthard et al. 2011 ; Daw et al. 2011 ) . The development of methods and approaches
to measure well-being is currently a subject of discussion among economists interested in explaining peoples’ choices, preferences and behavior (Kahneman and
Krueger 2006 ) .
Participatory approaches are regularly employed to obtain individual, group and
community level data. They are used not only to recognize the limiting grasp of
scientists on certain topics, but also in acknowledgement of the importance of stakeholder involvement in resource management and governance. Participatory research
used to examine the social system-to-be-governed extends from the rapid appraisal
type to participatory rural appraisal, to action oriented approaches like participatory
action research. Future scenario analysis, prioritization and visioning exercises, and
causal loop diagrams are among the tools used to gain understanding of the social
system, as well as catalyze collective action and participatory decision-making
(Colfer 2007 ; Almerigi et al. 2013 ) .
Numerous analytical tools are used to assess situations, conditions, change and
issues occurring in the social system-to-be-governed. Notably, stakeholder analysis
is used to determine who the stakeholders are and to differentiate between them
according to certain criteria, such as urgency, legitimacy and power (Mitchell et al.
1997 ; Buanes et al. 2005 ) . Such analysis acknowledges the diversity, complexity
and dynamics of individuals and groups who have varying interests and dependency
on marine and fi sheries resources. Given the different roles that men and women
play, sensitivity to gender issues is also required in the case of fi sheries. Fish harvesting is a male-dominated activity, especially in industrial fi sheries, while women
are key actors in post-harvest activities. In small-scale fi sheries, the division of labor
is more complex, and in many instances, more possibilities are available for women
to be active in fi shing. As shown in Frangoudes et al. ( 2013 ) , an understanding of
gender roles is required in order to institute policy interventions that enable fair and
equitable involvement of women in fi sheries and equal access to resources. March
et al. ( 1999 ) offers a good explanation of gender studies and provides several frameworks to examine gender issues, concerns and relations, in particular how power is
distributed between men and women. Examples of these frameworks are the Harvard
Analytical Framework (Overholt et al. 1984 ) , which analyzes gender roles, and the
Social Relations Approach (Kabeer 1994 ) , which examines gender relations. These
frameworks can be used as a stand-alone application, or in combination, and are
useful to integrate into social research and planning.
Similar to the Social Relations Approach, Social Network Analysis (SNA)
describes the relationships between social actors, identifying, for instance, those
that are central to the network (Bodin and Crona 2009 ; Bodin and Prell 2011 ;
Mahon and McConney 2013 ) . SNA is a methodology used to describe and examine
14 Approaches and Tools for Examining Governability
common ones like gross domestic product and emerging ones like job satisfaction
(Pollnac et al. 2001 ) and human well-being (McGregor 2007 ) . The latter is employed
to indicate the current state of persons in the community, and consequently to design
appropriate policy interventions to improve their well-being (UNEP 2006 ) . The
well-being approach is being promoted as a way to help link environmental sustainability with societal objectives like poverty alleviation and improving quality of life
(Coulthard et al. 2011 ; Daw et al. 2011 ) . The development of methods and approaches
to measure well-being is currently a subject of discussion among economists interested in explaining peoples’ choices, preferences and behavior (Kahneman and
Krueger 2006 ) .
Participatory approaches are regularly employed to obtain individual, group and
community level data. They are used not only to recognize the limiting grasp of
scientists on certain topics, but also in acknowledgement of the importance of stakeholder involvement in resource management and governance. Participatory research
used to examine the social system-to-be-governed extends from the rapid appraisal
type to participatory rural appraisal, to action oriented approaches like participatory
action research. Future scenario analysis, prioritization and visioning exercises, and
causal loop diagrams are among the tools used to gain understanding of the social
system, as well as catalyze collective action and participatory decision-making
(Colfer 2007 ; Almerigi et al. 2013 ) .
Numerous analytical tools are used to assess situations, conditions, change and
issues occurring in the social system-to-be-governed. Notably, stakeholder analysis
is used to determine who the stakeholders are and to differentiate between them
according to certain criteria, such as urgency, legitimacy and power (Mitchell et al.
1997 ; Buanes et al. 2005 ) . Such analysis acknowledges the diversity, complexity
and dynamics of individuals and groups who have varying interests and dependency
on marine and fi sheries resources. Given the different roles that men and women
play, sensitivity to gender issues is also required in the case of fi sheries. Fish harvesting is a male-dominated activity, especially in industrial fi sheries, while women
are key actors in post-harvest activities. In small-scale fi sheries, the division of labor
is more complex, and in many instances, more possibilities are available for women
to be active in fi shing. As shown in Frangoudes et al. ( 2013 ) , an understanding of
gender roles is required in order to institute policy interventions that enable fair and
equitable involvement of women in fi sheries and equal access to resources. March
et al. ( 1999 ) offers a good explanation of gender studies and provides several frameworks to examine gender issues, concerns and relations, in particular how power is
distributed between men and women. Examples of these frameworks are the Harvard
Analytical Framework (Overholt et al. 1984 ) , which analyzes gender roles, and the
Social Relations Approach (Kabeer 1994 ) , which examines gender relations. These
frameworks can be used as a stand-alone application, or in combination, and are
useful to integrate into social research and planning.
Similar to the Social Relations Approach, Social Network Analysis (SNA)
describes the relationships between social actors, identifying, for instance, those
that are central to the network (Bodin and Crona 2009 ; Bodin and Prell 2011 ;
Mahon and McConney 2013 ) . SNA is a methodology used to describe and examine