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and STAR projects and related initiatives. Hydrobiologia 566:311–324
123. Stoddard JL, Herlihy AT, Peck DV et al (2008) A process for creating multimetric indices for
large-scale aquatic surveys. J North Am Benthol Soc 27:878–891
124. Blocksom K, Johnson B (2009) Development of a regional macroinvertebrate index for large
river bioassessment. Ecol Indic 9:313–328
125. Stevenson RJ, Zalack JT, Wolin J (2013) A multimetric index of lake diatom condition based
on surface-sediment assemblages. Freshw Sci 32:1005–1025
126. Cao Y, Hawkins CP (2011) The comparability of bioassessments: a review of conceptual and
methodological issues1. J North Am Benthol Soc 30:680–701
127. Baptista DF, Henriques-Oliveira AL, Oliveira RBS et al (2013) Development of a benthic
multimetric index for the Serra da Bocaina bioregion in Southeast Brazil. Braz J Biol 73:573–
583
128. Fetscher AE, Stancheva R, Kociolek JP et al (2014) Development and comparison of stream
indices of biotic integrity using diatoms vs. non-diatom algae vs. a combination. J Appl
Phychol 26:433–450
264
A.L. Garey and L.A. Smock
106. Marzin A, Delaigue O, Logez M et al (2014) Uncertainty associated with river health
assessment in a varying environment: the case of a predictive fish-based index in France.
Ecol Indic 43:195–204
107. Cutler DR, Edwards TC Jr, Beard KH et al (2007) Random forests for classification in
ecology. Ecology 88:2783–2792
108. De’ath G (2007) Boosted trees for ecological modeling and prediction. Ecology 88:243–251
109. Olden JD, Lawler JJ, Poff NL (2008) Machine learning methods without tears: a primer for
ecologists. Q Rev Biol 83:171–193
110. Goethals PL, Dedecker AP, Gabriels W et al (2007) Applications of artificial neural networks
predicting macroinvertebrates in freshwaters. Aquat Ecol 41:491–508
111. Hoang TH, Lock K, Mouton A et al (2010) Application of classification trees and support
vector machines to model the presence of macroinvertebrates in rivers in Vietnam. Ecol
Inform 5:140–146
112. Feio M, Viana‐Ferreira C, Costa C (2014) Combining multiple machine learning algorithms
to predict taxa under reference conditions for streams bioassessment. River Res Appl 30
(9):1157–1165. doi:10.1002/rra.2707
113. Bishop CM (1995) Neural networks for pattern recognition. Clarendon, Oxford
114. Olden JD, Joy MK, Death RG (2006) Rediscovering the species in community-wide predictive modeling. Ecol Appl 16:1449–1460
115. Breiman L, Friedman J, Olshen R et al (1984) Classification and regression trees (CART).
Wadsworth International Group, Belmont
116. Hawkins CP, Cao Y, Roper B (2010) Method of predicting reference condition biota affects
the performance and interpretation of ecological indices. Freshw Biol 55:1066–1085
117. Waite IR, Kennen JG, May JT et al (2012) Comparison of stream invertebrate response
models for bioassessment metrics. J Am Water Resour Assoc 48:570–583
118. Baker EA, Wehrly KE, Seelbach PW et al (2005) A multimetric assessment of stream
condition in the Northern Lakes and Forests Ecoregion using spatially explicit statistical
modeling and regional normalization. Trans Am Fish Soc 134:697–710
119. Angradi TR, Pearson MS, Bolgrien DW et al (2009) Multimetric macroinvertebrate indices
for mid-continent US great rivers. J North Am Benthol Soc 28:785–804
120. Chessman BC, Royal MJ (2004) Bioassessment without reference sites: use of environmental
filters to predict natural assemblages of river macroinvertebrates. J North Am Benthol Soc
23:599–615
121. Schoolmaster DR Jr, Grace JB, Schweiger EW et al (2013) A causal examination of the
effects of confounding factors on multimetric indices. Ecol Indic 29:411–419
122. Hering D, Feld CK, Moog O et al (2006) Cook book for the development of a multimetric
index for biological condition of aquatic ecosystems: experiences from the European AQEM
and STAR projects and related initiatives. Hydrobiologia 566:311–324
123. Stoddard JL, Herlihy AT, Peck DV et al (2008) A process for creating multimetric indices for
large-scale aquatic surveys. J North Am Benthol Soc 27:878–891
124. Blocksom K, Johnson B (2009) Development of a regional macroinvertebrate index for large
river bioassessment. Ecol Indic 9:313–328
125. Stevenson RJ, Zalack JT, Wolin J (2013) A multimetric index of lake diatom condition based
on surface-sediment assemblages. Freshw Sci 32:1005–1025
126. Cao Y, Hawkins CP (2011) The comparability of bioassessments: a review of conceptual and
methodological issues1. J North Am Benthol Soc 30:680–701
127. Baptista DF, Henriques-Oliveira AL, Oliveira RBS et al (2013) Development of a benthic
multimetric index for the Serra da Bocaina bioregion in Southeast Brazil. Braz J Biol 73:573–
583
128. Fetscher AE, Stancheva R, Kociolek JP et al (2014) Development and comparison of stream
indices of biotic integrity using diatoms vs. non-diatom algae vs. a combination. J Appl
Phychol 26:433–450
264
A.L. Garey and L.A. Smock