xxv
15.5.7 A Few Aspects of Wetland Fishery ........................ 240
15.5.8 World Fisheries ...................................................... 242
15.6 Aquaculture .......................................................................... 243
15.6.1 The Present Status of Aquaculture ......................... 244
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 249
16 Biological Adaptations to Wetland Environment ....................... 255
16.1 Cell-Level Adaptations ........................................................ 256
16.1.1 Anoxia .................................................................... 256
16.2 Adaptations of Vascular Wetland Plants .............................. 256
16.3 Adaptations of Animals ....................................................... 256
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 257
17 Wetland Ecosystem Development ................................................ 259
17.1 Wetland Plant Development ................................................. 259
17.2 Autogenic Versus Allogenic Processes ................................ 260
17.3 Community Concept and the Continuum Idea ..................... 260
17.3.1 Centrifugal Organisation Concept ......................... 260
17.4 Models of Wetland Community Development .................... 261
17.4.1 Functional Guild Model ......................................... 261
17.4.2 Environmental Sieve Model ................................... 261
17.4.3 Gap Dynamic Model .............................................. 261
17.5 Self-Organisation and Self-Design ...................................... 261
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 263
18 Classifi cation of Wetlands ............................................................ 265
18.1 Wetlands from Tropic to Temperate..................................... 265
18.2 Coastal Wetland Ecosystems ............................................... 266
18.3 Tidal Salt Marshes ............................................................... 266
18.3.1 Geographical Extent ............................................... 267
18.3.2 Geomorphology ..................................................... 267
18.3.3 Marsh Stability ....................................................... 267
18.3.4 Hydrology .............................................................. 267
18.3.5 Panes ...................................................................... 267
18.3.6 Chemistry ............................................................... 267
18.3.7 Ecosystem Structure ............................................... 267
18.3.8 Ecosystem Function ............................................... 267
18.3.9 Ecosystem Models ................................................. 268
18.4 Tidal Freshwater Marshes .................................................... 268
18.4.1 Geographical Extent ............................................... 268
18.4.2 Geomorphology and Hydrology ............................ 268
18.4.3 Biogeochemistry .................................................... 269
18.4.4 Ecosystem Function ............................................... 269
18.4.5 Nutrient Budgets .................................................... 269
18.4.6 Ecosystem Models ................................................. 269
18.5 Mangrove Swamps (Wetlands) ............................................ 269
18.5.1 Geographical Extent ............................................... 270
18.5.2 Geomorphology and Hydrology ............................ 270
18.5.3 Hydrodynamic Classifi cation ................................. 270
Contents