xxiv
14.5 The Wetland Water Budget .................................................. 218
14.5.1 Residence Time ...................................................... 218
14.5.2 Surface Flow .......................................................... 218
14.5.3 Water Flow Measurement ...................................... 219
14.5.4 Evapotranspiration ................................................. 219
14.5.5 Effects of Vegetation
on Wetland Evapotranspiration ...................................... 219
14.6 Specifi c Effects of Hydrology on Wetlands ......................... 220
14.7 Accumulation of Organic Matter and their Export .............. 220
Suggested Readings ........................................................................ 221
15 Wetland Flora, Plankton, Productivity, Fauna and Fishes ....... 223
15.1 Wetland Flora (Aquatic Macrophytes) (AM) ....................... 223
15.1.1 Ecophysiology of Wetland Vegetation ................... 223
15.1.2 Stress Tolerance: Morphology, Anatomy
and Oxygen Diffusion ............................................ 224
15.1.3 Metabolic and Biochemical Responses
to Flooding ............................................................. 224
15.1.4 Mineral Nutrition of Wetland Vegetation ............... 224
15.1.5 Species Composition and Species Richness .......... 225
15.1.6 Methodology of Studying AM ............................... 225
15.1.7 AM Exemplifi ed from Asian Wetlands .................. 226
15.2 Wetland Plankton Communities........................................... 226
15.2.1 Phytoplankton ........................................................ 226
15.2.2 Zooplankton ........................................................... 227
15.2.3 Methodology for Plankton Study ........................... 227
15.2.4 Wetland Plankton Exemplifi ed
in Asian Wetlands .................................................. 227
15.3 Wetland Productivity ............................................................ 228
15.3.1 Agriculture and Utilisation of Wetland Biota ........ 228
15.3.2 Nutrients ................................................................. 229
15.3.3 Wetlands as Sources, Sinks
and Transformers of Nutrients ............................... 229
15.4 Wetland Fauna ...................................................................... 230
15.4.1 Invertebrates ........................................................... 230
15.4.2 Vertebrates .............................................................. 231
15.5 Wetland Fishes ..................................................................... 231
15.5.1 Ichthyodiversity...................................................... 231
15.5.2 Ichthyogeography .................................................. 233
15.5.3 Some Concepts Related to Fish
Community Ecology .............................................. 236
15.5.4 An Account of the Ichthyospecies ......................... 236
15.5.5 Wetland Fish Diversity Exemplifi ed
in Some Asian Wetlands ........................................ 237
15.5.6 FW Fauna of Australian
and New Zealand (NZ) Lakes ................................ 239
Contents