x
Contents
3 Spatial Modeling of Nitrogen Leaching
P. Cepuder and V. aus-der-Schmitten........... .... ... ....... ...... ..... 33
1 Introduction..................................................................................... 33
2 Materials and Methods.... .......... ........ ......... ........... ..... ....... ......... ..... 34
2.1 Database.................................................................................. 34
2.2 EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) .................... 37
2.3 Empiric Formula...................................................................... 42
3 GIS
Application...................................................................................... 42
4 Results and
Discussion. ........... .... ............ ... ............. ............ ........ ............ ........ .... 44
5 Summary and
Conclusions.... .... ......... .............. ........ ...... ................. .................... ... 51
Notation............................................................................................... 51
References.......... ..... ... ....... ... .... ...... ....... ................... ... ..... ............ ... .... 52
4 The Effect of Fractures on the Reclamation of NAPL
Contaminated Aquifers
H. Rubin, K. Rathfelder, L.M. Abrio/a, M. Spiller, G. Demny
J. Koengeter.............................................................................. 54
1 Introduction................................................................................... 55
2 Conceptual ModeL...................................................................... 58
3 Basic
Formulation.................................................................................. 59
4 The Simulation
Method.......................................................................................... 62
5 Simulation of Aquifer Remediation.......... .................... ........ .... ... 66
5.1 Simulation
Parameters... ... ... ....... ......... ..... ........ .... ...... ............... ..... ....... ... 66
5.2 Characteristics of Aquifer Remediation............................... 67
5.3 Influence of the Flow Rate...................................................
72
5.4 Influence of Surfactant Additives........ .... ....... .... ...... ......... ... 74
6 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................... .
Notation ............................................................................................. .
References ......................................................................................... .
5 Numerical Simulation as a Tool to Improve Subsurface
Flow Constructed Wetlands for Water Treatment
78
79
80
G. Langergraber, R. Haberl and J. Laber......... .................... 83
1 Introduction..... .......... ... ... .......... ........ ........ ............. .... ..... .... ... ... ... 83
2 Simulation of Constructed Wetlands............................................ 84
2.1 Migration Models... ... ..... .... ...... ...... ... ....... .... ...... ............. ....... 84
2.2 The Flow ModeL................................................................
85