44
Water In Ecosystems: A Non Renewable Resource
incendies et les explosions. Afin de prevenir et gerer ces risques, il est necessaire de
connaftre precisement la mobilite de chaque phase (gaz, liquide, eau, ... ) avant de
concevoir la methode de rehabilitation la mieux adaptee. Le projet RESCOP
d'EUREKA a pour objet Ie developpement d'un ensemble d'outils competitifs tant
du point de vue economique que technique pour !'evaluation et la rehabilitation
d'un site poliue. L'approche methodologique proposee prend en compte toutes les
etapes d'un projet de rehabilitation, a commencer par la detection des alertes
jusqu'aux stades de la rehabilitation et de la remise en etat des sites. Il a pour
objet de rationaliser les etapes critiques telles que: l'acquisition des donnees, la
definition des objectifs, la mise en route, Ie controle et les procedures de
rehabilitation.
1
INTRODUCTION
Unlike scattered sources of pollution, originating from application of solids or
liquids to the soil surface over large areas (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides ... ),
localized pollution ( which is sometimes also called accidental, but comes often
from a leaking pipe, or leaching of a solid deposit) originates from a limited
surface, small in relation to the landscape and the extent of underground layers
and waters, and clearly-defined within a geographical area.
The nature of pollutants may vary considerably, but those most frequently
encountered are the hydrocarbons, and the organo-halogenated compounds (most
of them chlorinated solvents). Obviously, it is because they are the most widely
distributed liquids apart from water.
In this paper, we only deal with localized pollution by these products, which is the
purpose of the Eureka RESCOPP Project.
2
NATURE OF THE PRODUCTS
2.1 Commercial hydrocarbons
These include petroleum products consumed by the general public sector: petrol
and domestic fuel. Contaminations induced by these products are very numerous
and extremely diverse, constituting almost half of all known contaminations. A
petroleum product is not characterized by a chemical composition, but by its
physical properties: density, viscosity, boiling point... Each product contains a
great number of molecules, different in proportion depending on its crude oil
origins, and how it has been refined.
However, by product type, some general characteristics can be accepted such as:
• gasoline contains on the average 55% alkanes and cyclanes, and 45%
light aromatics,
• diesel-oil contains on the average 90% aliphatics and 10% aromatics.
The main features of these products, from the point of view of underground
contamination, are:
Water In Ecosystems: A Non Renewable Resource
incendies et les explosions. Afin de prevenir et gerer ces risques, il est necessaire de
connaftre precisement la mobilite de chaque phase (gaz, liquide, eau, ... ) avant de
concevoir la methode de rehabilitation la mieux adaptee. Le projet RESCOP
d'EUREKA a pour objet Ie developpement d'un ensemble d'outils competitifs tant
du point de vue economique que technique pour !'evaluation et la rehabilitation
d'un site poliue. L'approche methodologique proposee prend en compte toutes les
etapes d'un projet de rehabilitation, a commencer par la detection des alertes
jusqu'aux stades de la rehabilitation et de la remise en etat des sites. Il a pour
objet de rationaliser les etapes critiques telles que: l'acquisition des donnees, la
definition des objectifs, la mise en route, Ie controle et les procedures de
rehabilitation.
1
INTRODUCTION
Unlike scattered sources of pollution, originating from application of solids or
liquids to the soil surface over large areas (fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides ... ),
localized pollution ( which is sometimes also called accidental, but comes often
from a leaking pipe, or leaching of a solid deposit) originates from a limited
surface, small in relation to the landscape and the extent of underground layers
and waters, and clearly-defined within a geographical area.
The nature of pollutants may vary considerably, but those most frequently
encountered are the hydrocarbons, and the organo-halogenated compounds (most
of them chlorinated solvents). Obviously, it is because they are the most widely
distributed liquids apart from water.
In this paper, we only deal with localized pollution by these products, which is the
purpose of the Eureka RESCOPP Project.
2
NATURE OF THE PRODUCTS
2.1 Commercial hydrocarbons
These include petroleum products consumed by the general public sector: petrol
and domestic fuel. Contaminations induced by these products are very numerous
and extremely diverse, constituting almost half of all known contaminations. A
petroleum product is not characterized by a chemical composition, but by its
physical properties: density, viscosity, boiling point... Each product contains a
great number of molecules, different in proportion depending on its crude oil
origins, and how it has been refined.
However, by product type, some general characteristics can be accepted such as:
• gasoline contains on the average 55% alkanes and cyclanes, and 45%
light aromatics,
• diesel-oil contains on the average 90% aliphatics and 10% aromatics.
The main features of these products, from the point of view of underground
contamination, are: