Plasticity, vocalization, 351–352
Pleiotropy, communication systems,
247
Pollimyrus isidori (a mormyrid),
vocalization sounds, 51
Porichthys notatus (plainfin
midshipman)
grunt vocalization, 56
hormonal effects on vocalization,
297
hum sound, 46
male morphs, 46ff
mate recognition, 352
sexual dimorphism in vocalization,
306–307
vocal signals, 46ff
Posterior pituitary, see Pituitary
Power, sound, 17
Prairie dog, see Cynomys gunnisoni
Predator, eavesdropping, 239
Predators, possible detection by, 53
Pressure wave
dipole source, 22–23
monopole source, 22
Prey localization, signaling, 262ff
Primate, see also individual species
acoustic coding, 335
air sacs, 95
alarm calls, 120–121
auditory cortex, 365–367
communication, 120ff
deceptive communication, 116–117
laryngeal hypertrophy, 87
larynx, 102
lies of omission, 120ff
sound production, 83–84, 95
sounds, 120ff
vocal folds, 89
vocal recognition, 364ff
vocal tract length, 104
vocalization, 120ff
Proboscises, impact on vocal tract, 93
Pteronotus parnelli (mustached bat)
spectral combination sensitivity,
336–338
temporal combination sensitivity,
338–340
Puerto Rican tree frog, see
Eleutherodactylus coqui
398
Index
Pygmy marmoset, see Cebuella
pygmeaea
Pygmy right whale (Caperea
marginata), acoustic
communication, 36
Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog)
acoustic communications, 1–2
hormone effects on vocalization,
291
Rana clamitans (green frog), acoustic
communications, 1
Rana pipiens, hormone effects on
vocalization, 291
Rana
vocalization transmission loss, 51
vocalizations, 299
Range of signaling, environmental
constraints, 232–233
Received level, defined, 31
Receiver bias, signaling, 262ff
Receivers, acoustic signaling, 246ff
generalized, 247
Receptive field, model, 342
Reciprocal calling, bat mothers and
pups, 156
Recognition, auditory stimuli, 355
Recognition, underwater sound signals,
31–32
Red deer, see Cervus elaphus
Red-moustached tamarin, see Saguinus
labiatus
Reed warbler, begging call, 256–257
Reflection
shallow water sound, 33
underwater sound, 28–29
Refraction, underwater sound, 29–30
Reinforcement, divergence of signals,
243–244
Reproductive behavior
Cervus elaphus, 65, 66–67
frog, 1–2
mate-choice, 79
Reproductive character displacement,
signaling, 244
Response biases, neural networks,
263–264
Rhesus monkey, see Macaca mulatta,
primate
Pleiotropy, communication systems,
247
Pollimyrus isidori (a mormyrid),
vocalization sounds, 51
Porichthys notatus (plainfin
midshipman)
grunt vocalization, 56
hormonal effects on vocalization,
297
hum sound, 46
male morphs, 46ff
mate recognition, 352
sexual dimorphism in vocalization,
306–307
vocal signals, 46ff
Posterior pituitary, see Pituitary
Power, sound, 17
Prairie dog, see Cynomys gunnisoni
Predator, eavesdropping, 239
Predators, possible detection by, 53
Pressure wave
dipole source, 22–23
monopole source, 22
Prey localization, signaling, 262ff
Primate, see also individual species
acoustic coding, 335
air sacs, 95
alarm calls, 120–121
auditory cortex, 365–367
communication, 120ff
deceptive communication, 116–117
laryngeal hypertrophy, 87
larynx, 102
lies of omission, 120ff
sound production, 83–84, 95
sounds, 120ff
vocal folds, 89
vocal recognition, 364ff
vocal tract length, 104
vocalization, 120ff
Proboscises, impact on vocal tract, 93
Pteronotus parnelli (mustached bat)
spectral combination sensitivity,
336–338
temporal combination sensitivity,
338–340
Puerto Rican tree frog, see
Eleutherodactylus coqui
398
Index
Pygmy marmoset, see Cebuella
pygmeaea
Pygmy right whale (Caperea
marginata), acoustic
communication, 36
Rana catesbeiana (bullfrog)
acoustic communications, 1–2
hormone effects on vocalization,
291
Rana clamitans (green frog), acoustic
communications, 1
Rana pipiens, hormone effects on
vocalization, 291
Rana
vocalization transmission loss, 51
vocalizations, 299
Range of signaling, environmental
constraints, 232–233
Received level, defined, 31
Receiver bias, signaling, 262ff
Receivers, acoustic signaling, 246ff
generalized, 247
Receptive field, model, 342
Reciprocal calling, bat mothers and
pups, 156
Recognition, auditory stimuli, 355
Recognition, underwater sound signals,
31–32
Red deer, see Cervus elaphus
Red-moustached tamarin, see Saguinus
labiatus
Reed warbler, begging call, 256–257
Reflection
shallow water sound, 33
underwater sound, 28–29
Refraction, underwater sound, 29–30
Reinforcement, divergence of signals,
243–244
Reproductive behavior
Cervus elaphus, 65, 66–67
frog, 1–2
mate-choice, 79
Reproductive character displacement,
signaling, 244
Response biases, neural networks,
263–264
Rhesus monkey, see Macaca mulatta,
primate