Deafening experiments, vocal learning
hypothesis, 142
Deceptive behavior, primate
communication, 116–117
Decibel, defined, 18
Deep isothermal layer, underwater
sound, 20–21
Deep sound channel, 32–33
Density, sound velocity, 19ff
Density, water, 18
Depth of water, sound transmission,
30, 34–35
Detection range, underwater sound,
32–33
Detection
fish vocalizations, 51ff
underwater sound signals, 31–32
Development of structures, vocal
learning hypothesis, 142–143
bird song, 349–350
vocal learning, 140
vocalization and hormonal effects,
301ff
vocalization in frogs, 302ff
Dialects
and body size, 143
hummingbird song, 187ff
isolation, 143–144
learning in bats, 158
local adaptations, 144
Megapera novaengliae song, 194–195
parrot contact calls, 185ff
Saguinus ssp., 196–197
Tursiops truncatus, 162ff
vocalizations, 183ff
Diffraction, underwater sound, 31
Dinosaur, vocal tract, 105
Dipodyms spp. (kangaroo rat), vocal
learning, 152
Dipole sound source, defined, 21–23
Discrimination
bird calls, 357
song by birds, 348
vocal learning, 141
Dispersion, frequency, 33
Dispersion, time, 33
Distance, sound attenuation with, 22ff
Dobenus rosmarus (walrus), sound
production, 93
Index
391
Dog, see Canis familiaris
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly),
period locus, 251
Dyne, defined, 17
Eavesdropping
acoustic signaling, 239
adaptations for, 240
signaling durations, 240
Echolocation
autocommunication, 326, 329–330
bat, 336–338
Ecological mechanisms, behavior and
sound communication in fishes,
53ff
structures and sound communication
in fishes, 57
Ectotherm, signaling, 247–248
Efficiency of acoustic signaling
chickens, 229
frogs, 229
human beings, 229
insects, 229
Efficiency, long-distance signaling,
227ff
Elasticity, sound velocity, 20
Eleutherodactylus coqui (Puerto Rican
tree frog), vocalization sexual
dimorphism, 309
Emperor penguin, see Aptenodytes
forsteriis
Energetic constraints, signaling, 227ff
Energetic costs, signaling, 227ff
Environment, constraints on signals,
232ff
Environmental constraints, in bird
communication, 235
Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), vocal
learning, 150
Erignathus barbatus (bearded seal),
vocal learning, 154
Euhasiopteryx depleta (tachinid fly),
eavesdropping, 239
European crane, see Grus grus
European starling, vocal recognition,
358ff
Evening bat, see Mycitceius humeralis
Evening bat, vocal learning, 150
Evolution
hypothesis, 142
Deceptive behavior, primate
communication, 116–117
Decibel, defined, 18
Deep isothermal layer, underwater
sound, 20–21
Deep sound channel, 32–33
Density, sound velocity, 19ff
Density, water, 18
Depth of water, sound transmission,
30, 34–35
Detection range, underwater sound,
32–33
Detection
fish vocalizations, 51ff
underwater sound signals, 31–32
Development of structures, vocal
learning hypothesis, 142–143
bird song, 349–350
vocal learning, 140
vocalization and hormonal effects,
301ff
vocalization in frogs, 302ff
Dialects
and body size, 143
hummingbird song, 187ff
isolation, 143–144
learning in bats, 158
local adaptations, 144
Megapera novaengliae song, 194–195
parrot contact calls, 185ff
Saguinus ssp., 196–197
Tursiops truncatus, 162ff
vocalizations, 183ff
Diffraction, underwater sound, 31
Dinosaur, vocal tract, 105
Dipodyms spp. (kangaroo rat), vocal
learning, 152
Dipole sound source, defined, 21–23
Discrimination
bird calls, 357
song by birds, 348
vocal learning, 141
Dispersion, frequency, 33
Dispersion, time, 33
Distance, sound attenuation with, 22ff
Dobenus rosmarus (walrus), sound
production, 93
Index
391
Dog, see Canis familiaris
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly),
period locus, 251
Dyne, defined, 17
Eavesdropping
acoustic signaling, 239
adaptations for, 240
signaling durations, 240
Echolocation
autocommunication, 326, 329–330
bat, 336–338
Ecological mechanisms, behavior and
sound communication in fishes,
53ff
structures and sound communication
in fishes, 57
Ectotherm, signaling, 247–248
Efficiency of acoustic signaling
chickens, 229
frogs, 229
human beings, 229
insects, 229
Efficiency, long-distance signaling,
227ff
Elasticity, sound velocity, 20
Eleutherodactylus coqui (Puerto Rican
tree frog), vocalization sexual
dimorphism, 309
Emperor penguin, see Aptenodytes
forsteriis
Energetic constraints, signaling, 227ff
Energetic costs, signaling, 227ff
Environment, constraints on signals,
232ff
Environmental constraints, in bird
communication, 235
Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat), vocal
learning, 150
Erignathus barbatus (bearded seal),
vocal learning, 154
Euhasiopteryx depleta (tachinid fly),
eavesdropping, 239
European crane, see Grus grus
European starling, vocal recognition,
358ff
Evening bat, see Mycitceius humeralis
Evening bat, vocal learning, 150
Evolution