TABLE
5.2. Representative overview of vocal and nonvocal acoustic signal repertoires of selected species
Type of Signal and Characteristics
Species
Captive or Wild
Behavioral Context
Reference
Vocal
~
~
\0
~
8
c
~
o'
en
~
;:l
Q.
{/}
o
(')
[
to
(1)
::r
~
<:
o'
.,
Norris et al. 1994
Caldwell and Caldwell 1967
Caldwell, Caldwell, and Evans 1966
Caldwell and Caldwell 1967
Connor and Smolker 1996
Smolker et al. 1993
Schultz and Corkeron 1994
Wang et al. 1995
Norris et al. 1994
Herzing 1996
Wood 1953
Ford and Fisher
1983
Sjare and Smith 1986
Ford and Fisher 1978
Herzing 1996
dos Santos et al. 1995
Herzing 1996
Taruski 1979
Various
Fear
Alarm
Fear
Consortship
Various
Various
Reunions
Night, spread
tra~el
Reunions, alloparental,
courtship
Fear, separation
Socialize
Contact, coordination
Socialize
Foraging
Arousal
lntra- and interspecies
aggression
Nighttime
Wild
Wild
Wild
Captive
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
Wild
S. longirostris
S. frontalislT t.-uncatus
0. orca
D.leucas
M. monoceros
T truncatus
T truncatus
S. frontalis
S. longirostris
S. frontalis
Burst-pulsed (Rapid onset/offset, discrete in time with tonal quality due
to higher repetition rates than individual clicks. Broadband in frequency with some
emphasis on the lower frequencies)
Sounds less than
1s and most energy below
2 kHz. with varying repetition rates
Cracks (broadband, <1 s)
T truncatus
Captive
J.
geoffrensis
Captive
Pops (broadband,
<1 s)
T truncatus
Captive
T truncatus
Wild
Chirps/squeaks
(4--8 kHz, .05-1 s,
ascending/descending)
Screams (5.8-904kHz, 2.5-4s)
overlapping FM whistles
Whistles (duration
>.1 s, frequency ranges 2-1BkHz+, and may be modulated)
Frequency-modulated
G. melaena
Wild
whistles/loops
(single
or multiple loops
T truncatus
Wild
usually
>2 kHz, <18kHz)