Ferguson HW, Poppe T, Speare DJ (1990) Cardiomyopathy in farmed
Norwegian salmon. Dis Aquat Org 8:225–231
Ferguson HW, Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Graham D, Falk K (2005) An
outbreak of disease resembling heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Scottish farmed salmon, Salmo salar L., with observations
on myocardial regeneration. J Fish Dis 28:119–123
Finstad OW, Falk K, Løvoll M, Evensen Ø, Rimstad E (2012) Immunohistochemical detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in hearts of
Atlantic salmon coincide with the course of heart and skeletal
muscle inflammation (HSMI). Vet Res 43:27–37
Fritsvold C, Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Ørpetveit I, Heum M, Poppe
TT (2009) Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome
(CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 87:225–234
Garseth A ˚ H, Fritsvold C, Opheim M, Skjerve E, Biering E (2012)
Piscine reovirus (PRV) in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L
and seatrout Salmo trutta L. in Norway. J Fish Dis. doi:10.1111/
j.1365-2761.2012.01450.x
Godoy MG, Aedo A, Kibenge MJT, Groman DB, Yason CV,
Grothusen H, Lisperguer A, Calbucura M, Avendan ˜o F, Imila ´n M,
Jarpa M, Kibenge FSB (2008) First detection, isolation and molecular characterization of infectious salmon anaemia virus associated
with clinical disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in
Chile. BMC Vet Res 4:28. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-4-28
Graham DA, Frost P, McLaughlin K, Rowley HM, Gabestad I, Gordon
A, McLoughlin MF (2011) A comparative study of marine salmonid alphavirus subtypes 1–6 using an experimental cohabitation
challenge model. J Fish Dis 34:273–286
Graham DA, Brown A, Savage P, Frost P (2012a) Detection of salmon
pancreas disease virus in the faeces and mucus of Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., by real-time RT-PCR and cell culture following
experimental challenge. J Fish Dis 35:949–951
Graham DA, Fringuelli E, Rowley HM, Cockerill D, Cox DI, Turnbull
T, Rodger D, Morris D, McLoughlin MF (2012b) Geographical
distribution of salmonid alphavirus subtypes in marine farmed
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland and Ireland. J Fish
Dis 35:755–765
Grammes F, Rørvik K-A, Takle H (2012) Tetradecylthioacetic acid
modulates cardiac transcription in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.,
suffering heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. J Fish Dis
35:109–117
Grove G, Austbø L, Hodneland K, Frost P, Løvoll M, McLoughlin M,
Thim HL, Braaen S, Ko ¨nig M, Syed M, Jørgensen JB, Rimstad E
(2013) Immune parameters correlating with reduced susceptibility
to pancreas disease in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar). Fish Shell Immunol 34:789–798
Haugland Ø, Mikalsen AB, Nilsen P, Lindmo K, Thu BJ, Eliassen TM,
Roos N, Rode M, Evensen Ø (2011) Cardiomyopathy syndrome of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is caused by a double-stranded
RNA virus of the Totiviridae family. J Virol 85:5275–5286
Hjortaas MJ, Skjelstad HR, Taksdal T, Olsen AB, Johansen R, BangJensen B, Ørpetveit I, Sindre H (2012) The first detections of
subtype 2–related salmonid alphavirus (SAV2) in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., in Norway. J Fish Dis 36:71–74
Hodneland K, Bratland A, Christie KE, Endressen C, Nylund A (2005)
New subtype of salmonid alphavirus (SAV), Togaviridae, from
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss in Norway. Dis Aquatic Org 66:113–120
Jensen BB, Kristofferesen AB, Myr C, Brun E (2012) Cohort study of
effect of vaccination on pancreas diseases in Norwegian salmon
aquaculture. Dis Aquat Org 102:23–31
Kent ML, Groff JM, Traxler GS, Zinkl JG, Bagshaw JW (1990)
Plasmacytoid leukemia in salt water reared chinook salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Dis Aquat Org 8:199–209
Kim R, Faisal M (2011) Emergence and resurgence of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (Novirhabdovirus, Rhabdoviridae,
Mononegavirales). J Adv Res 2:9–23
Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T (2009) Studies with experimental transmission of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 32:253–262
Kongtorp RT, Kjerstad A, Taksdal T, Guttvik A, Falk K (2004a) Heart
and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
L.: a new infectious disease. J Fish Dis 27:351–358
Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Lyngøy A (2004b) Pathology of heart and
skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 59:217–244
Kongtorp RT, Halse M, Taksdal T, Falk K (2006) Longitudinal study of
a natural outbreak of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 29:1–12
Koren CWR, Nylund A (1997) Morphology and morphogenesis of
infectious salmon anaemia virus replicating in the endothelium of
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 29:99–109
Larsson T, Krasnov A, Lerfall J, Taksdal T, Pedersen M, Mørkøre T
(2012) Fillet quality and gene transcriptome profiling of heart tissue
of Atlantic salmon with pancreas disease (PD). Aquaculture
330–333:82–91
Leek SL (1987) Viral erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS)
occurring in juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) reared in freshwater. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:685–688
Lester K, Black J, Bruno DW (2011) Prevalence and phylogenetic
analysis of salmonid alphavirus in Scottish fish farms from
2000–2009. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 31:199–202
Løvoll M, Wiik-Nielsen J, Grove S, Wiik-Nielsen CR, Kristoffersen
AB, Faller R, Poppe T, Jung J, Pedamallu CS, Nederbragt AJ,
Meyerson M, Rimstad E, Tengs T (2010) A novel totivirus and
piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). Virol J 7:309–315
Lunder T, Thorud K, Poppe TT, Holt RA, Rohovec JS (1990) Particles
similar to the virus of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome, EIBS,
detected in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Bull Eur
Assoc Fish Pathol 10:21–23
McKnight IJ, Roberts RJ (1976) The pathology of infectious pancreatic
necrosis. 1. The sequential histopathology of the naturally occurring
condition. Br Vet J 132:76–86
McLoughlin M, Graham AA (2007) Alphavirus infections in salmonids
– a review. J Fish Dis 9:511–531
McVicar AH (1987) Pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar, in Scotland: epidemiology and early pathology. Aquaculture 67:71–78
Mikalsen AB, Haugland O, Rode M, Solbakk IT, Evensen O (2012)
Atlantic salmon reovirus infection causes a CD8 T Cell myocarditis
in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 7(6):e37269
Mladineo I, Zrnc ˇic ´ S, Loijkic ´ I, Oraic ´ D (2011) Molecular identification
of a new strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in a
Croatian rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farm. J Appl
Ichthyol 27:1165–1168
Mulcahy D, Klaybor D, Batts WN (1990) Isolation of infectious
hematopoietic necrosis virus from a leech (Piscicola salmositica)
and a copepod (Salmincola sp.), ectoparasites of sockeye salmon
Oncorhynchus nerka. Dis Aquat Org 8:29–34
Munro ALS, Ellis AE, McVicar AH, McLay HA, Needham EA (1984)
An exocrine pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon in
Scotland. Helgolander Meeresuntersuch 37:571–586
Murray AG, Busby CD, Bruno DW (2003) Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Scottish Atlantic salmon farms 1996–2001. Emerg
Infect Dis 9:455–460
Newbound GC, Kent ML (1991) Experimental interspecies transmission of plasmacytoid leukemia in salmonid fishes. Dis Aquat Org
10:159–166
Noguera PA, Bruno DW (2010) Liver involvement in post smolt
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar infected with infectious pancreatic
necrosis virus (IPNV) a retrospective histopathological study. J Fish
Dis 33:819–832
Further Reading
71
Norwegian salmon. Dis Aquat Org 8:225–231
Ferguson HW, Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Graham D, Falk K (2005) An
outbreak of disease resembling heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Scottish farmed salmon, Salmo salar L., with observations
on myocardial regeneration. J Fish Dis 28:119–123
Finstad OW, Falk K, Løvoll M, Evensen Ø, Rimstad E (2012) Immunohistochemical detection of piscine reovirus (PRV) in hearts of
Atlantic salmon coincide with the course of heart and skeletal
muscle inflammation (HSMI). Vet Res 43:27–37
Fritsvold C, Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Ørpetveit I, Heum M, Poppe
TT (2009) Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome
(CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 87:225–234
Garseth A ˚ H, Fritsvold C, Opheim M, Skjerve E, Biering E (2012)
Piscine reovirus (PRV) in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L
and seatrout Salmo trutta L. in Norway. J Fish Dis. doi:10.1111/
j.1365-2761.2012.01450.x
Godoy MG, Aedo A, Kibenge MJT, Groman DB, Yason CV,
Grothusen H, Lisperguer A, Calbucura M, Avendan ˜o F, Imila ´n M,
Jarpa M, Kibenge FSB (2008) First detection, isolation and molecular characterization of infectious salmon anaemia virus associated
with clinical disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in
Chile. BMC Vet Res 4:28. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-4-28
Graham DA, Frost P, McLaughlin K, Rowley HM, Gabestad I, Gordon
A, McLoughlin MF (2011) A comparative study of marine salmonid alphavirus subtypes 1–6 using an experimental cohabitation
challenge model. J Fish Dis 34:273–286
Graham DA, Brown A, Savage P, Frost P (2012a) Detection of salmon
pancreas disease virus in the faeces and mucus of Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., by real-time RT-PCR and cell culture following
experimental challenge. J Fish Dis 35:949–951
Graham DA, Fringuelli E, Rowley HM, Cockerill D, Cox DI, Turnbull
T, Rodger D, Morris D, McLoughlin MF (2012b) Geographical
distribution of salmonid alphavirus subtypes in marine farmed
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland and Ireland. J Fish
Dis 35:755–765
Grammes F, Rørvik K-A, Takle H (2012) Tetradecylthioacetic acid
modulates cardiac transcription in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.,
suffering heart and skeletal muscle inflammation. J Fish Dis
35:109–117
Grove G, Austbø L, Hodneland K, Frost P, Løvoll M, McLoughlin M,
Thim HL, Braaen S, Ko ¨nig M, Syed M, Jørgensen JB, Rimstad E
(2013) Immune parameters correlating with reduced susceptibility
to pancreas disease in experimentally challenged Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar). Fish Shell Immunol 34:789–798
Haugland Ø, Mikalsen AB, Nilsen P, Lindmo K, Thu BJ, Eliassen TM,
Roos N, Rode M, Evensen Ø (2011) Cardiomyopathy syndrome of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is caused by a double-stranded
RNA virus of the Totiviridae family. J Virol 85:5275–5286
Hjortaas MJ, Skjelstad HR, Taksdal T, Olsen AB, Johansen R, BangJensen B, Ørpetveit I, Sindre H (2012) The first detections of
subtype 2–related salmonid alphavirus (SAV2) in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., in Norway. J Fish Dis 36:71–74
Hodneland K, Bratland A, Christie KE, Endressen C, Nylund A (2005)
New subtype of salmonid alphavirus (SAV), Togaviridae, from
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss in Norway. Dis Aquatic Org 66:113–120
Jensen BB, Kristofferesen AB, Myr C, Brun E (2012) Cohort study of
effect of vaccination on pancreas diseases in Norwegian salmon
aquaculture. Dis Aquat Org 102:23–31
Kent ML, Groff JM, Traxler GS, Zinkl JG, Bagshaw JW (1990)
Plasmacytoid leukemia in salt water reared chinook salmon
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Dis Aquat Org 8:199–209
Kim R, Faisal M (2011) Emergence and resurgence of the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (Novirhabdovirus, Rhabdoviridae,
Mononegavirales). J Adv Res 2:9–23
Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T (2009) Studies with experimental transmission of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 32:253–262
Kongtorp RT, Kjerstad A, Taksdal T, Guttvik A, Falk K (2004a) Heart
and skeletal muscle inflammation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
L.: a new infectious disease. J Fish Dis 27:351–358
Kongtorp RT, Taksdal T, Lyngøy A (2004b) Pathology of heart and
skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon
Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 59:217–244
Kongtorp RT, Halse M, Taksdal T, Falk K (2006) Longitudinal study of
a natural outbreak of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation in
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 29:1–12
Koren CWR, Nylund A (1997) Morphology and morphogenesis of
infectious salmon anaemia virus replicating in the endothelium of
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 29:99–109
Larsson T, Krasnov A, Lerfall J, Taksdal T, Pedersen M, Mørkøre T
(2012) Fillet quality and gene transcriptome profiling of heart tissue
of Atlantic salmon with pancreas disease (PD). Aquaculture
330–333:82–91
Leek SL (1987) Viral erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS)
occurring in juvenile spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) reared in freshwater. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 44:685–688
Lester K, Black J, Bruno DW (2011) Prevalence and phylogenetic
analysis of salmonid alphavirus in Scottish fish farms from
2000–2009. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 31:199–202
Løvoll M, Wiik-Nielsen J, Grove S, Wiik-Nielsen CR, Kristoffersen
AB, Faller R, Poppe T, Jung J, Pedamallu CS, Nederbragt AJ,
Meyerson M, Rimstad E, Tengs T (2010) A novel totivirus and
piscine reovirus (PRV) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS). Virol J 7:309–315
Lunder T, Thorud K, Poppe TT, Holt RA, Rohovec JS (1990) Particles
similar to the virus of erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome, EIBS,
detected in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Norway. Bull Eur
Assoc Fish Pathol 10:21–23
McKnight IJ, Roberts RJ (1976) The pathology of infectious pancreatic
necrosis. 1. The sequential histopathology of the naturally occurring
condition. Br Vet J 132:76–86
McLoughlin M, Graham AA (2007) Alphavirus infections in salmonids
– a review. J Fish Dis 9:511–531
McVicar AH (1987) Pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar, in Scotland: epidemiology and early pathology. Aquaculture 67:71–78
Mikalsen AB, Haugland O, Rode M, Solbakk IT, Evensen O (2012)
Atlantic salmon reovirus infection causes a CD8 T Cell myocarditis
in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PLoS One 7(6):e37269
Mladineo I, Zrnc ˇic ´ S, Loijkic ´ I, Oraic ´ D (2011) Molecular identification
of a new strain of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in a
Croatian rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farm. J Appl
Ichthyol 27:1165–1168
Mulcahy D, Klaybor D, Batts WN (1990) Isolation of infectious
hematopoietic necrosis virus from a leech (Piscicola salmositica)
and a copepod (Salmincola sp.), ectoparasites of sockeye salmon
Oncorhynchus nerka. Dis Aquat Org 8:29–34
Munro ALS, Ellis AE, McVicar AH, McLay HA, Needham EA (1984)
An exocrine pancreas disease of farmed Atlantic salmon in
Scotland. Helgolander Meeresuntersuch 37:571–586
Murray AG, Busby CD, Bruno DW (2003) Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Scottish Atlantic salmon farms 1996–2001. Emerg
Infect Dis 9:455–460
Newbound GC, Kent ML (1991) Experimental interspecies transmission of plasmacytoid leukemia in salmonid fishes. Dis Aquat Org
10:159–166
Noguera PA, Bruno DW (2010) Liver involvement in post smolt
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar infected with infectious pancreatic
necrosis virus (IPNV) a retrospective histopathological study. J Fish
Dis 33:819–832
Further Reading
71