cytoplasmic inclusions (0.8–3 μm) in Giemsa stained blood
films (Fig. 5.46). At electron microscopy, spherical virion
morphology with icosahedral core particles of 60–80 nm
diameter can be seen. The viral genome is a single-stranded
RNA with characteristics similar to a member of the family
Togaviridae. There are no successful reports of virus isolation although a cohabitation model has been successful.
Further Reading
Aamelfot M, Dale OB, Weil SC, Koppang E, Falk K (2012) Expression
of the infectious salmon anemia virus receptor on Atlantic salmon
endothelial cells correlates with the cell tropism of the virus. J Virol
86:10571–10578
Ahmadi N, Oryan A, Aklaghi M, Hosseini A (2013) Tissue distribution
of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype Sp in naturally
infected cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum):
an immunohistochemical and nested-PCR study. J Fish Dis.
doi:10.1111/jfd.12072
Al-Hussinee L, Lord S, Stevenson RMW, Casey RN, Groocock GH,
Britt KL, Kohler KH, Wooster GA, Getchell RG, Bowser PR,
Lumsden JS (2011) Immunohistochemistry and pathology of multiple Great Lakes fish from mortality events associated with viral
haemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVb. Dis Aquat Org 93:117–127
Aldrin M, Storvik B, Frigessi A, Viljugrein H, Jansen PA (2010) A
stochastic model for the assessment of the transmission pathways of
heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease and infectious salmon anaemia in marine fish farms in Norway. Prev Vet
Med 93:51–61
Boucher P, Baudin Laurencin F (1994) Sleeping disease (SD) of
salmonids. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 14:179–180
Brudeseth BE, Castric J, Evensen Ø (2002) Studies on pathogenesis
following single and double infection with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Rec 39:180–189
Brun E, Poppe T, Skrudland A, Jarp J (2003) Cardiomyopathy syndrome in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: occurrence and
direct financial losses for Norwegian aquaculture. Dis Aquat Org
56:241–247
Bruno DW (2004) Changes in prevalence of clinical infectious pancreatic necrosis among farmed Scottish Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
L. Aquaculture 235:13–26
Bruno DW, Noguera PA (2009) Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis
Aquat Org 87:235–242
Christiansen DH, Østergaard PS, Snow M, Dale OB, Falk K (2011) A
low-pathogenic variant of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAVHPR0) is highly prevalent and causes a non-clinical transient infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Faroe Islands.
J Gen Virol 92:909–918
Craig S, Kent ML, Dawe SC (1993) Hepatic megalocytosis in wild and
farmed chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha in British
Columbia, Canada. Dis Aquat Org 16:35–39
Crane M, Hyatt A (2011) Examples of emerging virus diseases in
salmonid aquaculture. Viruses 3:2025–2046
Eaton WD, Folkins B, Bagshaw J, Traxler G, Kent M (1993) Isolation
of a retrovirus from two fish cell lines developed from chinook
salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with plasmacytoid leukaemia.
J Gen Virol 74:2299–2302
Evensen Ø, Thorud KE, Olsen YA (1991) A morphological study of the
gross and light microscopic lesions of infectious salmon anaemia in
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Res Vet Sci 51:215–222
Fig. 5.46 (a) Blood smear from Chinook salmon with erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome. Basophilic inclusions in erythrocytes. Giemsa stain.
(b) High power insert
70
5 Viral Diseases
films (Fig. 5.46). At electron microscopy, spherical virion
morphology with icosahedral core particles of 60–80 nm
diameter can be seen. The viral genome is a single-stranded
RNA with characteristics similar to a member of the family
Togaviridae. There are no successful reports of virus isolation although a cohabitation model has been successful.
Further Reading
Aamelfot M, Dale OB, Weil SC, Koppang E, Falk K (2012) Expression
of the infectious salmon anemia virus receptor on Atlantic salmon
endothelial cells correlates with the cell tropism of the virus. J Virol
86:10571–10578
Ahmadi N, Oryan A, Aklaghi M, Hosseini A (2013) Tissue distribution
of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus serotype Sp in naturally
infected cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum):
an immunohistochemical and nested-PCR study. J Fish Dis.
doi:10.1111/jfd.12072
Al-Hussinee L, Lord S, Stevenson RMW, Casey RN, Groocock GH,
Britt KL, Kohler KH, Wooster GA, Getchell RG, Bowser PR,
Lumsden JS (2011) Immunohistochemistry and pathology of multiple Great Lakes fish from mortality events associated with viral
haemorrhagic septicemia virus type IVb. Dis Aquat Org 93:117–127
Aldrin M, Storvik B, Frigessi A, Viljugrein H, Jansen PA (2010) A
stochastic model for the assessment of the transmission pathways of
heart and skeletal muscle inflammation, pancreas disease and infectious salmon anaemia in marine fish farms in Norway. Prev Vet
Med 93:51–61
Boucher P, Baudin Laurencin F (1994) Sleeping disease (SD) of
salmonids. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 14:179–180
Brudeseth BE, Castric J, Evensen Ø (2002) Studies on pathogenesis
following single and double infection with viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow
trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Rec 39:180–189
Brun E, Poppe T, Skrudland A, Jarp J (2003) Cardiomyopathy syndrome in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: occurrence and
direct financial losses for Norwegian aquaculture. Dis Aquat Org
56:241–247
Bruno DW (2004) Changes in prevalence of clinical infectious pancreatic necrosis among farmed Scottish Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
L. Aquaculture 235:13–26
Bruno DW, Noguera PA (2009) Experimental transmission of cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis
Aquat Org 87:235–242
Christiansen DH, Østergaard PS, Snow M, Dale OB, Falk K (2011) A
low-pathogenic variant of infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAVHPR0) is highly prevalent and causes a non-clinical transient infection in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Faroe Islands.
J Gen Virol 92:909–918
Craig S, Kent ML, Dawe SC (1993) Hepatic megalocytosis in wild and
farmed chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha in British
Columbia, Canada. Dis Aquat Org 16:35–39
Crane M, Hyatt A (2011) Examples of emerging virus diseases in
salmonid aquaculture. Viruses 3:2025–2046
Eaton WD, Folkins B, Bagshaw J, Traxler G, Kent M (1993) Isolation
of a retrovirus from two fish cell lines developed from chinook
salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with plasmacytoid leukaemia.
J Gen Virol 74:2299–2302
Evensen Ø, Thorud KE, Olsen YA (1991) A morphological study of the
gross and light microscopic lesions of infectious salmon anaemia in
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Res Vet Sci 51:215–222
Fig. 5.46 (a) Blood smear from Chinook salmon with erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome. Basophilic inclusions in erythrocytes. Giemsa stain.
(b) High power insert
70
5 Viral Diseases