Bruno DW, Munro ALS (1986) Observations on Renibacterium
salmoninarum and the salmonid egg. Dis Aquat Org 1:83–87
Bruno DW, Munro ALS (1989) Immunity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., fry following vaccination against Yersinia ruckeri, and the
influence of body weight and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV) on the detection of carriers. Aquaculture 89:205–211
Bruno DW, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1986) Histopathology, bacteriology
and experimental transmission of a cold water vibriosis in Atlantic
salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 1:163–168
Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Mitchell CG, Wood BP, Fletcher ZJ,
Drobniewski FA, Hastings TS (1998a) Pathology attributed to
Mycobacterium chelonae infection among farmed and laboratoryinfected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 33:101–109
Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Petrie J, Hastings TS (1998b) Vibrio viscosus in
farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Scotland, field and experimental observations. Dis Aquat Org 34:161–166
Del-Pozo J, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW, Turnbull JF (2009) A retrospective cross-sectional study on “Candidatus arthromitus”
associated rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE) in the UK. Aquaculture 290:22–27
Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW (2010a) A study of
gross, histological and blood biochemical changes in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE). J Fish Dis 33:301–310
Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Ferguson HW, Crumlish M (2010b) A
comparative molecular study of the presence of “Candidatus
arthromitus” in the digestive system of rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), healthy and affected with rainbow trout gastroenteritis. J Fish Dis 33:241–250
Draghi A, Bebak J, Daniels S, Tulman ER, Geary J, West AB, Popov V,
Frasca S Jr (2010) Identification of Candidatus Piscichlamydia
salmonis in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus during a survey of
charr production facilities in North America. Dis Aquat Org
89:39–49
Egidius E, Andersen K, Clausen E, Raa J (1981) Cold-water vibriosis
or “Hitra disease” in Norwegian salmonid farming. J Fish Dis
4:353–354
Egidius E, Wiik R, Andersen KA, Hjeltnes B (1986) Vibrio salmonicida
sp. nov., a new fish pathogen. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:518–520
Faisal M, Loch TP, Fujimoto M, Woodiga SA, Eissa AE, Honeyfield
DC, Wolgamood M, Walker ED, Marsh TL (2011) Characterization
of novel Flavobacterium spp. Involved in the mortality of Coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in their early life stages. Aquac Res
Dev S2:005. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.S2-005
Fryer JL, Hedrick RP (2003) Piscirickettsia salmonis: a gram-negative
intracellular bacterial pathogen of fish. J Fish Dis 26:251–262
Holten-Andersen L, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K (2012) Baltic salmon,
Salmo salar, from Swedish river Lule A ¨ lv is more resistant to
furunculosis compared to rainbow trout. PLoS One 7(1):e29571.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029571
Keeling SE, Johnston C, Wallis R, Brosnahan CL, Gudkovs N,
McDonald WL (2012) Development and validation of real-time
PCR for the detection of Yersinia ruckeri. J Fish Dis 35:119–125
Loch TP, Kumar R, Xu W, Faisal M (2011) Carnobacterium
maltaromaticum infections in feral Oncorhynchus spp. (Family
Salmonidae) in Michigan. J Microbiol 49:703–713
Lunder T (1992) “Winter ulcer” in Atlantic salmon: a study of pathological changes, transmissibility and bacterial isolates. Dr. Scient.
thesis. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
Mauel MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Fryer JL (1996) Development of polymerase
chain reaction assays for detection, identification, and differentiation
of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Dis Aquat Org 26:189–195
Mitchell SO, Rodger HD (2011) A review of infectious gill diseases in
marine salmonid fish. J Fish Dis 34:411–432
Mitchell SO, Steinum T, Holland C, Rodger H, Colquhoun DJ (2010)
Epitheliocystis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farmed in fresh
water in Ireland is associated with “Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola” infection. J Fish Dis 33:665–673
Nese L, Enger Ø (1993) Isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from
salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and marine plankton. Dis
Aquat Org 16:79–81
Nilsen H, Johansen R, Colquhoun DJ, Kaada I, Bottolfsen K, Va ˚gnes Ø,
Olsen AB (2011) Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with
septicaemia and necrotic myositis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: a
case report. Dis Aquat Org 97:37–46
Nowak BF, La Patra S (2006) Epitheliocystis in fish. J Fish Dis
29:573–588
Oidtmann B, Verner-Jeffreys D, Pond M, Peeler EJ, Noguera PA,
Bruno DW, LaPatra SE, St-Hilaire S, Schubiger CB, Snekvik K,
Crumlish M, Green DM, Metselaar M, Rodger H, Schmidt-Posthaus
H, Galeotti M, Feist SW (2013) Differential characterisation of
emerging skin diseases of rainbow trout – a standardised approach
to capturing disease characteristics and development of case
definitions. J Fish Dis. doi:10.1111/jfd.12086
Olsen AB, Nilsen H, Sandlund N, Mikkelsen H, Sørum H, Colquhoun
DJ (2011) Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in
sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 94:189–199
Ostland VE, Byrne PJ, Hoover G, Ferguson HW (2000) Necrotic
myositis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): proteolytic characteristics of a crude extracellular preparation from
Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis 23:329–336
Pacha RE, Porter S (1968) Characteristics of myxobacteria isolated
from the surface of freshwater fish. Appl Microbiol
16:1901–1906
Poppe T, Ha ˚stein T, Salte R (1985) ‘Hitra disease’ (haemorrhagic
syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming: present status. In: Ellis
AE (ed) Fish shellfish pathology. Academic Press, London, pp
223–229
Powel P, Carson J, van Gelderen R (2004) Experimental induction of
gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts with
Tenacibaculum maritimum. Dis Aquat Org 61:179–185
Rhodes LD, Rice CA, Greene CM, Teel DJ, Nance SL, Moran P,
Durkin CA, Gezhegne SB (2011) Nearshore ecosystem predictors
of a bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook salmon. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 432:161–172
Rodrı ´guez L, Gallardo C, Acosta F, Nietop P, Real F (1998) Hafnia
alvei as an opportunistic pathogen causing mortality in brown trout,
Salmo trutta. J Fish Dis 21:365–370
Schmidt-Posthaus H, Polkinghorne A, Nufer L, Schifferli A,
Zimmerman D, Segner H, Steiner P, Vaughan L (2011) A natural
freshwater origin for two chlamydial species, Candidatus
Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola, causing mixed infections in wild brown trout (Salmo
trutta). Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02670.x
Sørum H, Poppe TT, Olsvik Ø (1988) Plasmids in Vibrio salmonicida
isolated from salmonids with haemorrhagic syndrome (Hitra disease). J Clin Microbiol 26:1679–1683
Starliper CE (2010) Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by
Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Adv Res 2:97–108
Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Colquhoun D, Heum M, Mohammad S,
Grøndtvedt RN, Falk K (2010) Microbial studies of proliferative
gill inflammation in Norwegian salt water reared Atlantic salmon.
Dis Aquat Org 91:201–211
Toenshoff E, Kvellestad A, Mitchell SO, Steinum TM, Falk K,
Colquhoun DJ, Horn M (2012) A novel Betaproteobacterial agent
of gill epitheliocystis in salt water farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar). PLoS One 7(3):e32696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone 0032696
Verner-Jeffreys DW, Algoet M, Feist SW, Bateman K, Peeler EJ,
Branson EJ (2006) Studies on red mark syndrome. Finfish News
1:19–22
Verner-Jeffreys DW, Pond MJ, Peeler EJ, Rimmer GSE, Oidtmann B,
Way K, Mewett J, Jeffrey K, Batemann K, Reese RA, Feist SW
Further Reading
97
salmoninarum and the salmonid egg. Dis Aquat Org 1:83–87
Bruno DW, Munro ALS (1989) Immunity in Atlantic salmon, Salmo
salar L., fry following vaccination against Yersinia ruckeri, and the
influence of body weight and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus
(IPNV) on the detection of carriers. Aquaculture 89:205–211
Bruno DW, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1986) Histopathology, bacteriology
and experimental transmission of a cold water vibriosis in Atlantic
salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 1:163–168
Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Mitchell CG, Wood BP, Fletcher ZJ,
Drobniewski FA, Hastings TS (1998a) Pathology attributed to
Mycobacterium chelonae infection among farmed and laboratoryinfected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 33:101–109
Bruno DW, Griffiths J, Petrie J, Hastings TS (1998b) Vibrio viscosus in
farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Scotland, field and experimental observations. Dis Aquat Org 34:161–166
Del-Pozo J, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW, Turnbull JF (2009) A retrospective cross-sectional study on “Candidatus arthromitus”
associated rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE) in the UK. Aquaculture 290:22–27
Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Crumlish M, Ferguson HW (2010a) A study of
gross, histological and blood biochemical changes in rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with rainbow trout gastroenteritis (RTGE). J Fish Dis 33:301–310
Del-Pozo J, Turnbull JF, Ferguson HW, Crumlish M (2010b) A
comparative molecular study of the presence of “Candidatus
arthromitus” in the digestive system of rainbow trout,
Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), healthy and affected with rainbow trout gastroenteritis. J Fish Dis 33:241–250
Draghi A, Bebak J, Daniels S, Tulman ER, Geary J, West AB, Popov V,
Frasca S Jr (2010) Identification of Candidatus Piscichlamydia
salmonis in Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus during a survey of
charr production facilities in North America. Dis Aquat Org
89:39–49
Egidius E, Andersen K, Clausen E, Raa J (1981) Cold-water vibriosis
or “Hitra disease” in Norwegian salmonid farming. J Fish Dis
4:353–354
Egidius E, Wiik R, Andersen KA, Hjeltnes B (1986) Vibrio salmonicida
sp. nov., a new fish pathogen. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:518–520
Faisal M, Loch TP, Fujimoto M, Woodiga SA, Eissa AE, Honeyfield
DC, Wolgamood M, Walker ED, Marsh TL (2011) Characterization
of novel Flavobacterium spp. Involved in the mortality of Coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in their early life stages. Aquac Res
Dev S2:005. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.S2-005
Fryer JL, Hedrick RP (2003) Piscirickettsia salmonis: a gram-negative
intracellular bacterial pathogen of fish. J Fish Dis 26:251–262
Holten-Andersen L, Dalsgaard I, Buchmann K (2012) Baltic salmon,
Salmo salar, from Swedish river Lule A ¨ lv is more resistant to
furunculosis compared to rainbow trout. PLoS One 7(1):e29571.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029571
Keeling SE, Johnston C, Wallis R, Brosnahan CL, Gudkovs N,
McDonald WL (2012) Development and validation of real-time
PCR for the detection of Yersinia ruckeri. J Fish Dis 35:119–125
Loch TP, Kumar R, Xu W, Faisal M (2011) Carnobacterium
maltaromaticum infections in feral Oncorhynchus spp. (Family
Salmonidae) in Michigan. J Microbiol 49:703–713
Lunder T (1992) “Winter ulcer” in Atlantic salmon: a study of pathological changes, transmissibility and bacterial isolates. Dr. Scient.
thesis. Norwegian School of Veterinary Science
Mauel MJ, Giovannoni SJ, Fryer JL (1996) Development of polymerase
chain reaction assays for detection, identification, and differentiation
of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Dis Aquat Org 26:189–195
Mitchell SO, Rodger HD (2011) A review of infectious gill diseases in
marine salmonid fish. J Fish Dis 34:411–432
Mitchell SO, Steinum T, Holland C, Rodger H, Colquhoun DJ (2010)
Epitheliocystis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farmed in fresh
water in Ireland is associated with “Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola” infection. J Fish Dis 33:665–673
Nese L, Enger Ø (1993) Isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from
salmon lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis and marine plankton. Dis
Aquat Org 16:79–81
Nilsen H, Johansen R, Colquhoun DJ, Kaada I, Bottolfsen K, Va ˚gnes Ø,
Olsen AB (2011) Flavobacterium psychrophilum associated with
septicaemia and necrotic myositis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar: a
case report. Dis Aquat Org 97:37–46
Nowak BF, La Patra S (2006) Epitheliocystis in fish. J Fish Dis
29:573–588
Oidtmann B, Verner-Jeffreys D, Pond M, Peeler EJ, Noguera PA,
Bruno DW, LaPatra SE, St-Hilaire S, Schubiger CB, Snekvik K,
Crumlish M, Green DM, Metselaar M, Rodger H, Schmidt-Posthaus
H, Galeotti M, Feist SW (2013) Differential characterisation of
emerging skin diseases of rainbow trout – a standardised approach
to capturing disease characteristics and development of case
definitions. J Fish Dis. doi:10.1111/jfd.12086
Olsen AB, Nilsen H, Sandlund N, Mikkelsen H, Sørum H, Colquhoun
DJ (2011) Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in
sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis Aquat Org 94:189–199
Ostland VE, Byrne PJ, Hoover G, Ferguson HW (2000) Necrotic
myositis of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): proteolytic characteristics of a crude extracellular preparation from
Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Fish Dis 23:329–336
Pacha RE, Porter S (1968) Characteristics of myxobacteria isolated
from the surface of freshwater fish. Appl Microbiol
16:1901–1906
Poppe T, Ha ˚stein T, Salte R (1985) ‘Hitra disease’ (haemorrhagic
syndrome) in Norwegian salmon farming: present status. In: Ellis
AE (ed) Fish shellfish pathology. Academic Press, London, pp
223–229
Powel P, Carson J, van Gelderen R (2004) Experimental induction of
gill disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts with
Tenacibaculum maritimum. Dis Aquat Org 61:179–185
Rhodes LD, Rice CA, Greene CM, Teel DJ, Nance SL, Moran P,
Durkin CA, Gezhegne SB (2011) Nearshore ecosystem predictors
of a bacterial infection in juvenile Chinook salmon. Mar Ecol Prog
Ser 432:161–172
Rodrı ´guez L, Gallardo C, Acosta F, Nietop P, Real F (1998) Hafnia
alvei as an opportunistic pathogen causing mortality in brown trout,
Salmo trutta. J Fish Dis 21:365–370
Schmidt-Posthaus H, Polkinghorne A, Nufer L, Schifferli A,
Zimmerman D, Segner H, Steiner P, Vaughan L (2011) A natural
freshwater origin for two chlamydial species, Candidatus
Piscichlamydia salmonis and Candidatus Clavochlamydia
salmonicola, causing mixed infections in wild brown trout (Salmo
trutta). Environ Microbiol. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02670.x
Sørum H, Poppe TT, Olsvik Ø (1988) Plasmids in Vibrio salmonicida
isolated from salmonids with haemorrhagic syndrome (Hitra disease). J Clin Microbiol 26:1679–1683
Starliper CE (2010) Bacterial coldwater disease of fishes caused by
Flavobacterium psychrophilum. J Adv Res 2:97–108
Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Colquhoun D, Heum M, Mohammad S,
Grøndtvedt RN, Falk K (2010) Microbial studies of proliferative
gill inflammation in Norwegian salt water reared Atlantic salmon.
Dis Aquat Org 91:201–211
Toenshoff E, Kvellestad A, Mitchell SO, Steinum TM, Falk K,
Colquhoun DJ, Horn M (2012) A novel Betaproteobacterial agent
of gill epitheliocystis in salt water farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo
salar). PLoS One 7(3):e32696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone 0032696
Verner-Jeffreys DW, Algoet M, Feist SW, Bateman K, Peeler EJ,
Branson EJ (2006) Studies on red mark syndrome. Finfish News
1:19–22
Verner-Jeffreys DW, Pond MJ, Peeler EJ, Rimmer GSE, Oidtmann B,
Way K, Mewett J, Jeffrey K, Batemann K, Reese RA, Feist SW
Further Reading
97