12a Head and front part of body darker (red in life)
than rest of body; P reaches little beyond A
origin ............................................................ L. sanguineus
12b Body uniform or with faint crossbars; P reaches well
beyond A origin; opercIe margin not red ................. L. crocineus
13a Head, except opercIe, darker than body; snout
blunt: predorsal profile at distinct angle to snout;
maxilla reaches to or near level of eye; no red
on head ....................................................... L. mahsenoides
13b Head not usually darker than body, but, if so, dorsal
head profile not angular ................................................... 14
14a Hind upper molars small, diameter not exceeding
that of canines; dense scaling on inner base
of P; bright blue lines from eye ............................ L. nebulosus
14b Hind upper molars broader, diameter exceeds
that of canines; snout rather pointed; no, or
few, scales on inner P base; red on opercIe
margin and P base ................................................. L. lent jan
185.4 Lethrinus concyliatus
(Smith,1959)
PLATE 63
Redaxil emperor
Rooiskof-keiser
Lethrinus miniatus (non Forster): Smith, SFSA PI. 43, Fig. 698 only.
Lethrinella concyliatus Smith, 1959: 292, PI. 22 E (N. Mozambique). Lethrinus concyliatus: Sato, 1978: 50*; 1984; Leth 9*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Five scales from LL
to 6th D spine. Note lips curving outward from snout.
Attains 76 cm. Indian Ocean to 22°S from coral reefs
down to 200 m.
185.5 Lethrinus crocineus
Smith,1959
PLATE 63
Yellowfin emperor
Geelvin-keiser
Lethrinus crocineus Smith, 1959: 290, PI. 21, Figs. F & G (Pinda, N.
Mozambique); van der Elst, 1981: 198*; Sato, 1984; Leth 10*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustrations. Six scales from LL
to 6th D spine.
Fins yellow, sometimes spots on cheek. Preserved:
uniform; young may have vague crossbars, adults usually
with darker head, lighter body and a dark spot at base of
each scale. Attains 60 cm. Western Indian Ocean, south to
Natal; generally in deeper waters down to 150 m.
185.6 Lethrinus elongatus
Valenciennes, 1830
PLATE 63
Longnose emperor
Langneus-keiser
Lethrinuselongatus Valenciennes, in Cuv. & Val., 1830: 289 (Red Sea);
Sato, 1984, Leth 9*. Lethrinus miniatus: (non Forster): Smith, SFSA
No. 698 (not illustration); Sato, 1978: 40* (part); 1984: Leth 5*.
Lethrinella miniatus: Smith, 1959: 292*.
185: LETHRINIDAE (EMPERORS)
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Characterised by
the long pointed snout, with dorsal head profile almost straight. Six scales
from LL to 6th D spine.
Variable livery; mottled juveniles often have a dark
blotch below LL on body above mid P. Preserved: uniform,
sometimes with vague mottlings, 1-3 darker streaks forward
and down from eye. Attains 100 cm. Indo-West Pacificfrom
Natal northwards; large adults from deeper water down to
200m.
185.7 Lethrinus harak
(Forsskal, 1775)
PLATE 64
Blackspot emperor
Swartkol-keiser
Sciaena harak Forsski'll, 1775: xii, 52 (Arabia). Lethrinus harak: Smith,
SFSA No. 701*; 1959: 288*; Sato, 1978: 15*; 1984: Leth 2*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Six scales from LL
to 6th D spine.
Easily recognised by the dark area on side of body, which
remains on preservation. Attains 60 cm. Indo-West Pacific,
south to Natal. Flesh excellent, but spoils rapidly.
185.8 Lethrinus hypselopterus
Bleeker, 1873
PLATE 64
Mozambique emperor
Mosambiekse keiser
Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1873: 326 (Sumatra); Sato, 1978: 22*;
1984: Leth 11*. Lethrinus crocineus (non Smith): Smith, 1959: PI. 21A
only.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustrations. Five scales between LL and 6th D spine.
Body yellowish brown, paler below; fins uniform red.
Attains 50 cm. Indo-West Pacific; in the western Indian
Ocean known only from coastal waters of Mozambique.
185.9 Lethrinus kal/opterus
Bleeker, 1856
PLATE 64
Orange-spotted emperor
Oranjekol-keiser
Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, 1856: 47 (Menado); Smith, 1959: 288*;
Sato, 1978: 20*; 1984: Leth 3*.
185.9 Lethrinus kallopterus: ea. 60 em (after Sato, 1984).
597
than rest of body; P reaches little beyond A
origin ............................................................ L. sanguineus
12b Body uniform or with faint crossbars; P reaches well
beyond A origin; opercIe margin not red ................. L. crocineus
13a Head, except opercIe, darker than body; snout
blunt: predorsal profile at distinct angle to snout;
maxilla reaches to or near level of eye; no red
on head ....................................................... L. mahsenoides
13b Head not usually darker than body, but, if so, dorsal
head profile not angular ................................................... 14
14a Hind upper molars small, diameter not exceeding
that of canines; dense scaling on inner base
of P; bright blue lines from eye ............................ L. nebulosus
14b Hind upper molars broader, diameter exceeds
that of canines; snout rather pointed; no, or
few, scales on inner P base; red on opercIe
margin and P base ................................................. L. lent jan
185.4 Lethrinus concyliatus
(Smith,1959)
PLATE 63
Redaxil emperor
Rooiskof-keiser
Lethrinus miniatus (non Forster): Smith, SFSA PI. 43, Fig. 698 only.
Lethrinella concyliatus Smith, 1959: 292, PI. 22 E (N. Mozambique). Lethrinus concyliatus: Sato, 1978: 50*; 1984; Leth 9*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Five scales from LL
to 6th D spine. Note lips curving outward from snout.
Attains 76 cm. Indian Ocean to 22°S from coral reefs
down to 200 m.
185.5 Lethrinus crocineus
Smith,1959
PLATE 63
Yellowfin emperor
Geelvin-keiser
Lethrinus crocineus Smith, 1959: 290, PI. 21, Figs. F & G (Pinda, N.
Mozambique); van der Elst, 1981: 198*; Sato, 1984; Leth 10*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustrations. Six scales from LL
to 6th D spine.
Fins yellow, sometimes spots on cheek. Preserved:
uniform; young may have vague crossbars, adults usually
with darker head, lighter body and a dark spot at base of
each scale. Attains 60 cm. Western Indian Ocean, south to
Natal; generally in deeper waters down to 150 m.
185.6 Lethrinus elongatus
Valenciennes, 1830
PLATE 63
Longnose emperor
Langneus-keiser
Lethrinuselongatus Valenciennes, in Cuv. & Val., 1830: 289 (Red Sea);
Sato, 1984, Leth 9*. Lethrinus miniatus: (non Forster): Smith, SFSA
No. 698 (not illustration); Sato, 1978: 40* (part); 1984: Leth 5*.
Lethrinella miniatus: Smith, 1959: 292*.
185: LETHRINIDAE (EMPERORS)
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Characterised by
the long pointed snout, with dorsal head profile almost straight. Six scales
from LL to 6th D spine.
Variable livery; mottled juveniles often have a dark
blotch below LL on body above mid P. Preserved: uniform,
sometimes with vague mottlings, 1-3 darker streaks forward
and down from eye. Attains 100 cm. Indo-West Pacificfrom
Natal northwards; large adults from deeper water down to
200m.
185.7 Lethrinus harak
(Forsskal, 1775)
PLATE 64
Blackspot emperor
Swartkol-keiser
Sciaena harak Forsski'll, 1775: xii, 52 (Arabia). Lethrinus harak: Smith,
SFSA No. 701*; 1959: 288*; Sato, 1978: 15*; 1984: Leth 2*.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustration. Six scales from LL
to 6th D spine.
Easily recognised by the dark area on side of body, which
remains on preservation. Attains 60 cm. Indo-West Pacific,
south to Natal. Flesh excellent, but spoils rapidly.
185.8 Lethrinus hypselopterus
Bleeker, 1873
PLATE 64
Mozambique emperor
Mosambiekse keiser
Lethrinus hypselopterus Bleeker, 1873: 326 (Sumatra); Sato, 1978: 22*;
1984: Leth 11*. Lethrinus crocineus (non Smith): Smith, 1959: PI. 21A
only.
See genus Lethrinus, key to species and illustrations. Five scales between LL and 6th D spine.
Body yellowish brown, paler below; fins uniform red.
Attains 50 cm. Indo-West Pacific; in the western Indian
Ocean known only from coastal waters of Mozambique.
185.9 Lethrinus kal/opterus
Bleeker, 1856
PLATE 64
Orange-spotted emperor
Oranjekol-keiser
Lethrinus kallopterus Bleeker, 1856: 47 (Menado); Smith, 1959: 288*;
Sato, 1978: 20*; 1984: Leth 3*.
185.9 Lethrinus kallopterus: ea. 60 em (after Sato, 1984).
597