3b Snout rounded, not projecting beyond large terminal
mouth; all scales thin, without spinules; no
post-temporal fossa .......................................................... 4
4a Elongated rays in 0, P and V; 4 retia mirabilia in
swimbladder; V 8 .................................................. Gadomus
4b No greatly elongated rays in 0 and P; 2 retia
mirabilia; V 8-10 ................................................. Bathygadus
Sa Second spinous ray of 1st 0 smooth ..................................... 6
5b Leading edge of 2nd spinous ray serrate ............................... 11
6a Teeth large, widely spaced and in 1 row in lower jaw................ 7
6b Teeth moderate to small, in 2 or more rows in lower jaw .... ...... 8
7a Chin barbel absent; branchiostegal rays 6 ........ [Odontomacrurus]
7b Chin barbel well developed; branchiostegal
rays 7 ......................................................... Malacocephalus
8a Fine parallel black lines (ventral striae) on gular
membrane, sides of isthmus, oyer shoulder girdle
and in a triangular patch above V; head covering
membranous, essentially transparent; head bones
thin, fragile; V 8-12
......................... Hymenocephalus (subgenus [Hymenocephalus])
8b No ventral striae; membranes and bones of head
relatively thick; V 7 ........................ ........................ .......... 9
9a Snout rounded; no strong ridges on head; colour
black .............................................................. Trachonurus
9b Snout moderately to acutely pointed; strong ridges on
head; colour usually brown to grey, some species with
silvery reflections ventrally ............................................... 10
lOa Mouth large, upper jaw more than ~ length of head ........... Mahia
lOb Upper jaw ~ or less of head ................................ Coelorinchus
lla Chin barbel absent ................................................. Mesobius
lIb Chin barbel present ......................................................... 12
12a Fine parallel black lines (ventral striae) on gular
membrane, shoulder girdle, isthmus and in
triangular patch above V; anus immediately
before A; 2 lens-like swellings of light organ on
ventral midline, 1 immediately before anus
connected by a black line to another on
chest .................... Hymenocephalus (subgenus [Hymenogadus])
12b No ventral striae; anus position variously before A;
light organ present or absent; if present, not as above ............. 13
13a Head massive, globose, soft; opercle small;
preopercle adnate to interopercle; scales uniformly
cover all of head; scales along either side of 2nd 0
enlarged; 7 branchiostegal rays .............................. [Cetonurus]
13b Head not especially massive or globose; opercle of normal
size; preopercle not strongly adnate to interopercle;
scales variously covering head, often with broad naked
areas ventrally and on snout; no enlarged scales along
2nd 0; 6 or 7 branchiostegal rays ........................................ 14
14a Snout low, narrow, rounded, devoid of scales;
no ridges on head; scales on head and front part of
body without spinules or ridges; maxilla reaches
vertical at front margin of eye ......................... [Haplomacrurus]
14b Snout angUlar, completely naked to variously covered
with scales; ridges usually present on head, often sharp
and coarsely scaled; head and body scales covered with
spinules or low ridges; maxilla extends past front margin
of eye except in some Sphagemacrurus and Ventrifossa
(subgenus Lucigadus), both of which have scales on snout ........ 15
93: MACROURIDAE (GRENADIERS)
15a Ventral region of body swung far forward; gill membranes
unite below eyes; V below opercle ...................................... 16
15b Ventral region of body more normal; gill membranes unite
under interopercle; V below opercle or P ............................. 19
16a All of high, broadly rounded snout and ventral
surfaces of head naked; V 10 ............................... [Parakumba]
16b Snout completely scaled to mostly naked ventrally but
always with scales dorsally; ventral surfaces of head
scaled to mostly naked; V 6-7 or 11-18 ................................. 17
17 a V 6-7 ............................................................ Paracetonurus
17b V 11-18 ......................................................................... 18
18a Ventral surfaces of snout naked; a stout tubercular
scale at tip and lateral angles of snout;
V 11-13 ...................................................... Sphagemacrurus
18b Ventral surfaces of snout scaled; tip and lateral
angles of snout rounded, with no stout tubercular
scales; V 15-18 ...................... Ventrifossa (subgenus Lucigadus)
19a Anus immediately before A, no associated light organ;
6 branchiostegal rays ....................................................... 20
19b Anus remote from A, closer to V origin; light organ
present in front of anus; 7 branchiostegal rays ....................... 21
20a Vertical and horizontal ridges of preopercle meet at
an acute, sharply pointed angle; no rakers on lateral
(outer) side of 1st gill arch; median spinule row on
body scales forming an enlarged keel-like ridge .......... Macrourus
20b Preopercular ridges form a rounded, usually lobate
angle; small tubercular rakers present on lateral
side of 1st gill arch; median spinule rows on body
scales not keel-like, not notably larger than
adjacent spinule rows .................................... Coryphaenoides
21a Stout suborbital shelf formed of 2 rows of
coarsely spined scales; snout variously naked;
total GR 12 or fewer (except N. micronychodon
with 13-16) ........................................................... Nezumia
21b Head completely and smoothly covered with
small, finely spinulated scales; total GR 13-17 ........... Ventrifossa
Genus Bathygadus Gunther, 1878
About 14 species, 3 in our area.
KEY TO SPECIES
1a V9 ................................................................................ 2
1b V 8 ......................................................... B. melanobranchus
2a P 13-14; 1st 0 II,6-8; pyloric caeca 9-12 ................ Bathygadus sp.
2b P 15-18; 1st 0 II,7-9; pyloric caeca 16-27 .................... B. favosus
93.1 8athygadus favosus
Goode & Bean. 1886
Bathygadus favosus Goode & Bean, 1886: 160 (Caribbean Sea); Goode
& Bean, 1896: 420*; Iwamoto, 1970: 344*; Marshall, 1973: 526.
o II,7-9 + ca. 125; A ca. 130; P 15-18; V 9; GR (5-7)+(19-22) total
22-28; pyloric caeca 16-27. Upper jaw 1.6-1.9 in head, extends to below
rear edge of eye. Eye 4.2-5.2 in head, about Yz interorbital width. Teeth
minute in moderate bands in upper jaw, in narrow bands in lower. Outer
GR of 1st arch about equal to eye.
331
mouth; all scales thin, without spinules; no
post-temporal fossa .......................................................... 4
4a Elongated rays in 0, P and V; 4 retia mirabilia in
swimbladder; V 8 .................................................. Gadomus
4b No greatly elongated rays in 0 and P; 2 retia
mirabilia; V 8-10 ................................................. Bathygadus
Sa Second spinous ray of 1st 0 smooth ..................................... 6
5b Leading edge of 2nd spinous ray serrate ............................... 11
6a Teeth large, widely spaced and in 1 row in lower jaw................ 7
6b Teeth moderate to small, in 2 or more rows in lower jaw .... ...... 8
7a Chin barbel absent; branchiostegal rays 6 ........ [Odontomacrurus]
7b Chin barbel well developed; branchiostegal
rays 7 ......................................................... Malacocephalus
8a Fine parallel black lines (ventral striae) on gular
membrane, sides of isthmus, oyer shoulder girdle
and in a triangular patch above V; head covering
membranous, essentially transparent; head bones
thin, fragile; V 8-12
......................... Hymenocephalus (subgenus [Hymenocephalus])
8b No ventral striae; membranes and bones of head
relatively thick; V 7 ........................ ........................ .......... 9
9a Snout rounded; no strong ridges on head; colour
black .............................................................. Trachonurus
9b Snout moderately to acutely pointed; strong ridges on
head; colour usually brown to grey, some species with
silvery reflections ventrally ............................................... 10
lOa Mouth large, upper jaw more than ~ length of head ........... Mahia
lOb Upper jaw ~ or less of head ................................ Coelorinchus
lla Chin barbel absent ................................................. Mesobius
lIb Chin barbel present ......................................................... 12
12a Fine parallel black lines (ventral striae) on gular
membrane, shoulder girdle, isthmus and in
triangular patch above V; anus immediately
before A; 2 lens-like swellings of light organ on
ventral midline, 1 immediately before anus
connected by a black line to another on
chest .................... Hymenocephalus (subgenus [Hymenogadus])
12b No ventral striae; anus position variously before A;
light organ present or absent; if present, not as above ............. 13
13a Head massive, globose, soft; opercle small;
preopercle adnate to interopercle; scales uniformly
cover all of head; scales along either side of 2nd 0
enlarged; 7 branchiostegal rays .............................. [Cetonurus]
13b Head not especially massive or globose; opercle of normal
size; preopercle not strongly adnate to interopercle;
scales variously covering head, often with broad naked
areas ventrally and on snout; no enlarged scales along
2nd 0; 6 or 7 branchiostegal rays ........................................ 14
14a Snout low, narrow, rounded, devoid of scales;
no ridges on head; scales on head and front part of
body without spinules or ridges; maxilla reaches
vertical at front margin of eye ......................... [Haplomacrurus]
14b Snout angUlar, completely naked to variously covered
with scales; ridges usually present on head, often sharp
and coarsely scaled; head and body scales covered with
spinules or low ridges; maxilla extends past front margin
of eye except in some Sphagemacrurus and Ventrifossa
(subgenus Lucigadus), both of which have scales on snout ........ 15
93: MACROURIDAE (GRENADIERS)
15a Ventral region of body swung far forward; gill membranes
unite below eyes; V below opercle ...................................... 16
15b Ventral region of body more normal; gill membranes unite
under interopercle; V below opercle or P ............................. 19
16a All of high, broadly rounded snout and ventral
surfaces of head naked; V 10 ............................... [Parakumba]
16b Snout completely scaled to mostly naked ventrally but
always with scales dorsally; ventral surfaces of head
scaled to mostly naked; V 6-7 or 11-18 ................................. 17
17 a V 6-7 ............................................................ Paracetonurus
17b V 11-18 ......................................................................... 18
18a Ventral surfaces of snout naked; a stout tubercular
scale at tip and lateral angles of snout;
V 11-13 ...................................................... Sphagemacrurus
18b Ventral surfaces of snout scaled; tip and lateral
angles of snout rounded, with no stout tubercular
scales; V 15-18 ...................... Ventrifossa (subgenus Lucigadus)
19a Anus immediately before A, no associated light organ;
6 branchiostegal rays ....................................................... 20
19b Anus remote from A, closer to V origin; light organ
present in front of anus; 7 branchiostegal rays ....................... 21
20a Vertical and horizontal ridges of preopercle meet at
an acute, sharply pointed angle; no rakers on lateral
(outer) side of 1st gill arch; median spinule row on
body scales forming an enlarged keel-like ridge .......... Macrourus
20b Preopercular ridges form a rounded, usually lobate
angle; small tubercular rakers present on lateral
side of 1st gill arch; median spinule rows on body
scales not keel-like, not notably larger than
adjacent spinule rows .................................... Coryphaenoides
21a Stout suborbital shelf formed of 2 rows of
coarsely spined scales; snout variously naked;
total GR 12 or fewer (except N. micronychodon
with 13-16) ........................................................... Nezumia
21b Head completely and smoothly covered with
small, finely spinulated scales; total GR 13-17 ........... Ventrifossa
Genus Bathygadus Gunther, 1878
About 14 species, 3 in our area.
KEY TO SPECIES
1a V9 ................................................................................ 2
1b V 8 ......................................................... B. melanobranchus
2a P 13-14; 1st 0 II,6-8; pyloric caeca 9-12 ................ Bathygadus sp.
2b P 15-18; 1st 0 II,7-9; pyloric caeca 16-27 .................... B. favosus
93.1 8athygadus favosus
Goode & Bean. 1886
Bathygadus favosus Goode & Bean, 1886: 160 (Caribbean Sea); Goode
& Bean, 1896: 420*; Iwamoto, 1970: 344*; Marshall, 1973: 526.
o II,7-9 + ca. 125; A ca. 130; P 15-18; V 9; GR (5-7)+(19-22) total
22-28; pyloric caeca 16-27. Upper jaw 1.6-1.9 in head, extends to below
rear edge of eye. Eye 4.2-5.2 in head, about Yz interorbital width. Teeth
minute in moderate bands in upper jaw, in narrow bands in lower. Outer
GR of 1st arch about equal to eye.
331