304
success at these temperatures when suitable conditions
are encountered. On the other hand, production of cysts
early in reproductive life and maintenance of a high
cystlnauplius ratio is the preferred mode of reproduction for the La Trinidad population as an adaptation
to its seasonal occurrence in environments with lower
stability.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CICYT grants MAR880224 and MAR91-0429. C. Barata was supported by
a MEC-FPI grant. The authors wish to thank N. Sanz
for her helping in the laboratory and to A. Mauri for
correcting the manuscipt.
References
Allan, J. D., 1976. Life history patterns in zooplankton. Am. Nat.
110: 165-180.
Amat, F., 1980. Differentiation in Artemia strains from Spain. In:
G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers (eds), The brine
shrimp Artemia. Universa Press, Wetteren. I: 19-39.
Amat, F., 1982. Diferenciaci6n y distribuci6n de las poblaciones de
Artemia (Crustaceo Branqui6podo) de Espana. III. Oviparismo y
ovoviviparismo. Estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. Inv. Pesq. 46:
3-13.
Amat, F., 1983. Zygogenetical and parthenogenetical Artemia in
Cadiz sea side salterns. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 13: 291-293.
Amat, F., F. Hontoria, J. Navarro, A Gozalbo & I. Varo, 1991.
Bioecologfa de Artemia (crustacea, Branchiopoda) en la laguna
de La Mata, Torrevieja, Alicante. Instituto de cultura . Juan GilAlbert', Diputaci6n de Alicante, Alicante, 173 pp.
Barigozzi, c., 1989. Cytogenetics and speciation of the brine-shrimp
Artemia. Atti Acc. Lincei Mem. fits, S. VIII, vol XIX, Sez. III. 4:
57-96.
Balasundaram, C. & A K. Kumaraguru, 1987. Laboratory studies
on growth and reproduction of Artemia (Tuticorin strain). In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren.
3: 331-338.
Barata, c., 1994. Caracterizaci6n eco16gica de las poblaciones
espanolas de Artemia. Estrategias reproductivas y competencia.
PhD thesis. Universidad de Barcelona. Spain.
Berthelemy-Okazaki, N. 1. & D. Hedgecock, 1987. Effect of environmental factors on cyst formation in the brine shrimp Artemia.
In: P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren.
3: 167-182.
Box, G. E. P. & D. R. Cox, 1964. An analysis of transformations. J.
R. Statist. Soc., London 26: 211-243.
Browne, R. A., 1980. Reproductive pattern and mode in the brine
shrimp. Ecology 61: 466-470.
Browne, R. A., 1982. The cists of reproduction in Brime Shrimp.
Ecology 63: 43-47.
Browne, R. A., 1992. Population Genetics and Ecology of Artemia.
Insights into Parthenogenetic Reproduction. TREE 7: 232-237.
Browne, R. A & S. T. Bowen, 1991. Taxonomy and population
genetics of Artemia. In: R. A Browne, P. Sorgeloos and C. N. A.
Trotman (eds), Artemia Biology. CRC press, Boca Raton, Ann
Arbor, Boston: 221-235.
Browne, R. A., L. E. Davis & S. E. Sallee, 1988. Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp
Artemia. J. expo mar. BioI. Ecol. 124: 1-20.
Browne, R. A. & G. H. MacDonald, 1982. Biogeography of the
brine shrimp, Artemia: distribution of parthenogenetic and sexual
populations. J. Biogeogr. 9: 331-338.
Browne, R. A., L. Maotang, G. Wanigasekara, S. Simonek,
D. Brownlee, G. Eiband & J. Cowan, 1991. Ecological, physiological and genetic divergence of sexual and asexual (diploid
and polyploid) brine shrimp (Arremia). Adv. Ecol. 1: 41-52.
Browne, R. A., S. E. Sallee, D. S. Grosch, W. O. Segreti & S. M. Purser, 1984. Partitioning genetic and environmental components of
reproduction and lifespan in Artemia Ecology 65: 949-960.
Clegg, 1. S., 1962. Free glycerol in dormant cysts of the brine shrimp
Artemia salina, and its disappearance during development. BioI.
Bull. 123: 295-301.
Dana, G. L. & P. H. Lenz, 1986. Effects of increasing salinity on
an Artemia population from Mono Lake, California. Oecologia
(Berlin) 68: 428-436.
Drinkwater, L. E. & J. S. Clegg, 1991. Experimental biology of cyst
diapause. In: R. A. Browne, P. Sorgeloos & c. N. A. Trotman
(eds), Artemia Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor,
Boston: 93-117.
Hontoria, F., 1990. Caracterizaci6n de tres poblaciones originarias
del area levantina espanola del crustaceo branqui6podo Artemia.
Ph.D. Thesis. University of Barcelona, Spain, 326 pp.
Hontoria, F., J. C. Navarro, I. Var6 & F. Amat, 1989. Utilization of
Artemia cysts in marine larvae cultures: A model of quantitative
evaluation. Short communication. Aquacult. Eng. 8: 127-138.
Lenz, P. H., 1987. Ecological studies on Artemia: a review. In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren
3: 5-18.
Lenz, P. H. & R. A Browne, 1991. Ecology of Artemia. In:
R. A. Browne, P. Sorgeloos & C. N. A Trotman (eds), Artemia
Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: 236- 253.
Lenz, P. H. & G. L. Dana, 1987. Life-cycle studies in Artemia: a
comparison between a subtropical and temperate population. In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Arremia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren
3: 89-100.
MacDonald, G. H. & R. A. Browne, 1989. Population dynamics of
an asexual brine shrimp (Artemia) population. J. expo mar. BioI.
Ecol. 133: 169-188.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry. Freeman W. H. and
Company, New York, 859 pp.
Takami, A, 1989. Two strains of Arremia in Urmia lake (Iran).
Artemia News letter 13: 5
Vanhaecke, P., S. E. Siddall, & P. Sorgeloos, 1984. International
study on Artemia, XXXII. Combined effects of temperature and
salinity on the survival of Artemia of various geographical origin.
J. expo mar. BioI. 80: 259-275.
Vanhaecke, P. & P. Sorgeloos, 1989. International study on Artemia.
XLVIL. The effect of temperature Onl cyst hatching, larval survival and biomass production for different geographical strains
of Brine Shrimp. Annis Soc. r. zool. Belg. 119: 7-23.
Von Henting, R., 1971. Einfluss von Salzgehalt und Temperatur auf
Entwicklung, Wachstum, Fortpflanzung und Energiebilanz von
Artemia. Mar. BioI. 9: 145-182.
success at these temperatures when suitable conditions
are encountered. On the other hand, production of cysts
early in reproductive life and maintenance of a high
cystlnauplius ratio is the preferred mode of reproduction for the La Trinidad population as an adaptation
to its seasonal occurrence in environments with lower
stability.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by CICYT grants MAR880224 and MAR91-0429. C. Barata was supported by
a MEC-FPI grant. The authors wish to thank N. Sanz
for her helping in the laboratory and to A. Mauri for
correcting the manuscipt.
References
Allan, J. D., 1976. Life history patterns in zooplankton. Am. Nat.
110: 165-180.
Amat, F., 1980. Differentiation in Artemia strains from Spain. In:
G. Persoone, P. Sorgeloos, O. Roels & E. Jaspers (eds), The brine
shrimp Artemia. Universa Press, Wetteren. I: 19-39.
Amat, F., 1982. Diferenciaci6n y distribuci6n de las poblaciones de
Artemia (Crustaceo Branqui6podo) de Espana. III. Oviparismo y
ovoviviparismo. Estudio cualitativo y cuantitativo. Inv. Pesq. 46:
3-13.
Amat, F., 1983. Zygogenetical and parthenogenetical Artemia in
Cadiz sea side salterns. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 13: 291-293.
Amat, F., F. Hontoria, J. Navarro, A Gozalbo & I. Varo, 1991.
Bioecologfa de Artemia (crustacea, Branchiopoda) en la laguna
de La Mata, Torrevieja, Alicante. Instituto de cultura . Juan GilAlbert', Diputaci6n de Alicante, Alicante, 173 pp.
Barigozzi, c., 1989. Cytogenetics and speciation of the brine-shrimp
Artemia. Atti Acc. Lincei Mem. fits, S. VIII, vol XIX, Sez. III. 4:
57-96.
Balasundaram, C. & A K. Kumaraguru, 1987. Laboratory studies
on growth and reproduction of Artemia (Tuticorin strain). In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren.
3: 331-338.
Barata, c., 1994. Caracterizaci6n eco16gica de las poblaciones
espanolas de Artemia. Estrategias reproductivas y competencia.
PhD thesis. Universidad de Barcelona. Spain.
Berthelemy-Okazaki, N. 1. & D. Hedgecock, 1987. Effect of environmental factors on cyst formation in the brine shrimp Artemia.
In: P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren.
3: 167-182.
Box, G. E. P. & D. R. Cox, 1964. An analysis of transformations. J.
R. Statist. Soc., London 26: 211-243.
Browne, R. A., 1980. Reproductive pattern and mode in the brine
shrimp. Ecology 61: 466-470.
Browne, R. A., 1982. The cists of reproduction in Brime Shrimp.
Ecology 63: 43-47.
Browne, R. A., 1992. Population Genetics and Ecology of Artemia.
Insights into Parthenogenetic Reproduction. TREE 7: 232-237.
Browne, R. A & S. T. Bowen, 1991. Taxonomy and population
genetics of Artemia. In: R. A Browne, P. Sorgeloos and C. N. A.
Trotman (eds), Artemia Biology. CRC press, Boca Raton, Ann
Arbor, Boston: 221-235.
Browne, R. A., L. E. Davis & S. E. Sallee, 1988. Effects of temperature and relative fitness of sexual and asexual brine shrimp
Artemia. J. expo mar. BioI. Ecol. 124: 1-20.
Browne, R. A. & G. H. MacDonald, 1982. Biogeography of the
brine shrimp, Artemia: distribution of parthenogenetic and sexual
populations. J. Biogeogr. 9: 331-338.
Browne, R. A., L. Maotang, G. Wanigasekara, S. Simonek,
D. Brownlee, G. Eiband & J. Cowan, 1991. Ecological, physiological and genetic divergence of sexual and asexual (diploid
and polyploid) brine shrimp (Arremia). Adv. Ecol. 1: 41-52.
Browne, R. A., S. E. Sallee, D. S. Grosch, W. O. Segreti & S. M. Purser, 1984. Partitioning genetic and environmental components of
reproduction and lifespan in Artemia Ecology 65: 949-960.
Clegg, 1. S., 1962. Free glycerol in dormant cysts of the brine shrimp
Artemia salina, and its disappearance during development. BioI.
Bull. 123: 295-301.
Dana, G. L. & P. H. Lenz, 1986. Effects of increasing salinity on
an Artemia population from Mono Lake, California. Oecologia
(Berlin) 68: 428-436.
Drinkwater, L. E. & J. S. Clegg, 1991. Experimental biology of cyst
diapause. In: R. A. Browne, P. Sorgeloos & c. N. A. Trotman
(eds), Artemia Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor,
Boston: 93-117.
Hontoria, F., 1990. Caracterizaci6n de tres poblaciones originarias
del area levantina espanola del crustaceo branqui6podo Artemia.
Ph.D. Thesis. University of Barcelona, Spain, 326 pp.
Hontoria, F., J. C. Navarro, I. Var6 & F. Amat, 1989. Utilization of
Artemia cysts in marine larvae cultures: A model of quantitative
evaluation. Short communication. Aquacult. Eng. 8: 127-138.
Lenz, P. H., 1987. Ecological studies on Artemia: a review. In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Artemia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren
3: 5-18.
Lenz, P. H. & R. A Browne, 1991. Ecology of Artemia. In:
R. A. Browne, P. Sorgeloos & C. N. A Trotman (eds), Artemia
Biology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Ann Arbor, Boston: 236- 253.
Lenz, P. H. & G. L. Dana, 1987. Life-cycle studies in Artemia: a
comparison between a subtropical and temperate population. In:
P. Sorgeloos, D. A. Bengston, W. Decleir & E. Jaspers (eds),
Arremia Research and its Applications. Universa Press, Wetteren
3: 89-100.
MacDonald, G. H. & R. A. Browne, 1989. Population dynamics of
an asexual brine shrimp (Artemia) population. J. expo mar. BioI.
Ecol. 133: 169-188.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf, 1981. Biometry. Freeman W. H. and
Company, New York, 859 pp.
Takami, A, 1989. Two strains of Arremia in Urmia lake (Iran).
Artemia News letter 13: 5
Vanhaecke, P., S. E. Siddall, & P. Sorgeloos, 1984. International
study on Artemia, XXXII. Combined effects of temperature and
salinity on the survival of Artemia of various geographical origin.
J. expo mar. BioI. 80: 259-275.
Vanhaecke, P. & P. Sorgeloos, 1989. International study on Artemia.
XLVIL. The effect of temperature Onl cyst hatching, larval survival and biomass production for different geographical strains
of Brine Shrimp. Annis Soc. r. zool. Belg. 119: 7-23.
Von Henting, R., 1971. Einfluss von Salzgehalt und Temperatur auf
Entwicklung, Wachstum, Fortpflanzung und Energiebilanz von
Artemia. Mar. BioI. 9: 145-182.