The mean size of S. proboscideus was greatest at
260 J.LS em-I. The size of animals reared at the highest conductivity (2010 J.LS em-I) was comparable with
that of animals reared at lower conductivity ranges (35135 J.LS em-I) (Fig. 8). This may be due to the fact that
late larval stages are less sensitive to changes in conductivities than naupliar stages. Field observations at
the natural habitat of S. proboscideus near Khartoum
(Sudan) revealed minimum and maximum conductivities of 140 and 1130, respectively (Rzoska, 1961).
S. proboscideus may therefore have been selected for
strongly fluctuating ionic contents of its habitat.
Our study shows that the nauplii of S. proboscideus
were sensitive to N02-N. A concentration of 0.6 mg
I-I N0 2 -N resulted a larval mortality of 50% after 24 h
(Fig. 9). The toxic effect of N02-N on food uptake of
S. proboscideus was documented earlier (Brendonck,
1993b).
Acknowledgments
One of us (A.J.A) thanks A.B.O.S (Belgian Administration for Development and Cooperation) for financial support. The authors thank Dr L. De Meester,
Dr S. S. S. Sarma and anonymous reviewer(s)
for critical comments on previous versions of the
manuscript.
References
Anderson, D. T., 1961. Larval development and segment formation
in the Branchiopod crustaceans Limnadia staleyana King (Conchostraca) and Artemia salina (L.) (Anostraca). Aust. J. Zoo!. 15:
47-91.
Anderson, G. & S. Hsu, 1990. Growth and maturation of a North
American fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus seali (Crustacea; Anostraca): A laboratory study. Freshwat. BioI. 24: 429-442.
Belk, D. & G. A. Cole, 1975. Adaptational biology of desert temporary pond inhabitants. In N. F. Hadley (ed.), Environmental
Physiology of desert organisms. Wiley, New York: 207-226.
Brendonck, L., 1993a. Feeding in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus
proboscideus (Frauenfeld) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). I. Aspects
of the feeding biology. 1. Crust. BioI. 13: 235-244.
Brendonck, L., 1993b. Feeding in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus
proboscideus (Frauenfeld) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). II. Influence of environmental conditions on feeding rate. J. Crust. BioI.
13: 245-255.
Centeno, M., L. Brendonck & G. Persoone, 1993. Cyst-based toxicity tests. III. Development and standardization of an acute toxicity
test with the freshwater anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus
proboscideus. In Soares, A. M. V. M. & P. Calow (eds). Progress
in standardization of aquatic toxicity tests. Lewis Publishers,
USA: 35-55.
165
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L., 1966. Orientation responses of Triops granarius (Lucas) (Branchiopoda: Notostraca) and Streptocephalus sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 27:
33-38.
De Walsche, C., J. Mertens & H. 1. Dumont, 1991. Observations on temperature optimum, cyst production, and survival
of Streptocephalus proboscideus (Frauenfeld, 1873) (Crustacea:
Anostraca), fed different diets. In Belk, D., H. J. Dumont &
N. Munuswamy (eds), Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology
and Aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 212: 21-26.
Erman, L. A., 1962. On the quantitative aspect offeeding and selectivity of food in the plankton rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pall.
Zool. Zh. 41: 34-48.
Halbach, U. & P. Halbach-Keup, 1974. Quantitative Beziehungen
zwischen Phytoplankton und der populationsdynamik des Rotators Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas. Pefunde aus Laboratoriumexperimenten und Freilanduntersuchungen. Arch. Hydrobiol. 73:
273-309.
Hamer, M. L. & c. C. Appleton, 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics and phyllopod fauna of temporary pools in north-eastern
Natal, Republic of South Africa. In Belk, D., H. 1. Dumont &
N. Munuswamy (eds), Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology
and Aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 212: 95-104.
Lake, P. S., 1969. The effect oftemperature on growth, longevity and
egg production in Chirocephalus diaphanus Prevost (Crustacea:
Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 33: 342-351.
Moore, W. G., 1957. Studies on the laboratory culture of Anostraca.
Trans. am. microsc. Soc. 76: 159-173.
Prasath, B., N. Munuswamy & A. K. Abdul Nazar, 1994. Preliminary studies on the suitability of a fairy shrimp Streptocaphalus
dichotomus (Crustacea: Anostraca) as live food in aquaculture. J.
World Aquacult. (in press).
Reeve, M. R., 1963. The filter feeding of Artemia. I. In pure culture
of plant cells. 1. expo BioI. 40: 195-205.
Rzoska, J., 1961. Observations on tropical rainpools and general
remarks on temporary waters. Hydrobiologia 17: 265-286.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf., 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman
& Co., San Francisco, 859 pp.
Sluzhevskaya-Drobysheva, E. B., 1981. Effect of temperature and
feed on growth, maturation and survival rate of Streptocephalus
torvicornis. Hydrobiol. 1. (Washington) 18: 95-98.
Sorgeloos, P., P. Lavens, P. Leger & W. Tackaert, 1991. In P. Lavens,
P. Sorgeloos, E. Jaspers & F. Ollivier (eds). Larvi'91. Fish &
Crustacean larviculture symposium. EAS, special publication 15:
3-5.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater and marine
organisms. EPN600/4-851013/. Envir. Res. Lab., Duluth, MN,
216 pp.
Vernberg, W. B. & F. J. Vernberg, 1983. Freshwater adaptation. In
W. B. Vemberg & F. J. Vernberg (eds), The Biology of Crustacea,
Vol. 8. Environmental adaptations Academic Press: 335-363.
Williams, W. D., 1985. Biotic adaptation in temporary lentic waters
with special reference to those in arid and semi-arid regions.
Hydrobiologia 125: 85-110.
260 J.LS em-I. The size of animals reared at the highest conductivity (2010 J.LS em-I) was comparable with
that of animals reared at lower conductivity ranges (35135 J.LS em-I) (Fig. 8). This may be due to the fact that
late larval stages are less sensitive to changes in conductivities than naupliar stages. Field observations at
the natural habitat of S. proboscideus near Khartoum
(Sudan) revealed minimum and maximum conductivities of 140 and 1130, respectively (Rzoska, 1961).
S. proboscideus may therefore have been selected for
strongly fluctuating ionic contents of its habitat.
Our study shows that the nauplii of S. proboscideus
were sensitive to N02-N. A concentration of 0.6 mg
I-I N0 2 -N resulted a larval mortality of 50% after 24 h
(Fig. 9). The toxic effect of N02-N on food uptake of
S. proboscideus was documented earlier (Brendonck,
1993b).
Acknowledgments
One of us (A.J.A) thanks A.B.O.S (Belgian Administration for Development and Cooperation) for financial support. The authors thank Dr L. De Meester,
Dr S. S. S. Sarma and anonymous reviewer(s)
for critical comments on previous versions of the
manuscript.
References
Anderson, D. T., 1961. Larval development and segment formation
in the Branchiopod crustaceans Limnadia staleyana King (Conchostraca) and Artemia salina (L.) (Anostraca). Aust. J. Zoo!. 15:
47-91.
Anderson, G. & S. Hsu, 1990. Growth and maturation of a North
American fairy shrimp, Streptocephalus seali (Crustacea; Anostraca): A laboratory study. Freshwat. BioI. 24: 429-442.
Belk, D. & G. A. Cole, 1975. Adaptational biology of desert temporary pond inhabitants. In N. F. Hadley (ed.), Environmental
Physiology of desert organisms. Wiley, New York: 207-226.
Brendonck, L., 1993a. Feeding in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus
proboscideus (Frauenfeld) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). I. Aspects
of the feeding biology. 1. Crust. BioI. 13: 235-244.
Brendonck, L., 1993b. Feeding in the fairy shrimp Streptocephalus
proboscideus (Frauenfeld) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). II. Influence of environmental conditions on feeding rate. J. Crust. BioI.
13: 245-255.
Centeno, M., L. Brendonck & G. Persoone, 1993. Cyst-based toxicity tests. III. Development and standardization of an acute toxicity
test with the freshwater anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus
proboscideus. In Soares, A. M. V. M. & P. Calow (eds). Progress
in standardization of aquatic toxicity tests. Lewis Publishers,
USA: 35-55.
165
Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L., 1966. Orientation responses of Triops granarius (Lucas) (Branchiopoda: Notostraca) and Streptocephalus sp. (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 27:
33-38.
De Walsche, C., J. Mertens & H. 1. Dumont, 1991. Observations on temperature optimum, cyst production, and survival
of Streptocephalus proboscideus (Frauenfeld, 1873) (Crustacea:
Anostraca), fed different diets. In Belk, D., H. J. Dumont &
N. Munuswamy (eds), Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology
and Aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 212: 21-26.
Erman, L. A., 1962. On the quantitative aspect offeeding and selectivity of food in the plankton rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus Pall.
Zool. Zh. 41: 34-48.
Halbach, U. & P. Halbach-Keup, 1974. Quantitative Beziehungen
zwischen Phytoplankton und der populationsdynamik des Rotators Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas. Pefunde aus Laboratoriumexperimenten und Freilanduntersuchungen. Arch. Hydrobiol. 73:
273-309.
Hamer, M. L. & c. C. Appleton, 1991. Physical and chemical characteristics and phyllopod fauna of temporary pools in north-eastern
Natal, Republic of South Africa. In Belk, D., H. 1. Dumont &
N. Munuswamy (eds), Studies on Large Branchiopod Biology
and Aquaculture. Hydrobiologia 212: 95-104.
Lake, P. S., 1969. The effect oftemperature on growth, longevity and
egg production in Chirocephalus diaphanus Prevost (Crustacea:
Anostraca). Hydrobiologia 33: 342-351.
Moore, W. G., 1957. Studies on the laboratory culture of Anostraca.
Trans. am. microsc. Soc. 76: 159-173.
Prasath, B., N. Munuswamy & A. K. Abdul Nazar, 1994. Preliminary studies on the suitability of a fairy shrimp Streptocaphalus
dichotomus (Crustacea: Anostraca) as live food in aquaculture. J.
World Aquacult. (in press).
Reeve, M. R., 1963. The filter feeding of Artemia. I. In pure culture
of plant cells. 1. expo BioI. 40: 195-205.
Rzoska, J., 1961. Observations on tropical rainpools and general
remarks on temporary waters. Hydrobiologia 17: 265-286.
Sokal, R. R. & F. J. Rohlf., 1981. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman
& Co., San Francisco, 859 pp.
Sluzhevskaya-Drobysheva, E. B., 1981. Effect of temperature and
feed on growth, maturation and survival rate of Streptocephalus
torvicornis. Hydrobiol. 1. (Washington) 18: 95-98.
Sorgeloos, P., P. Lavens, P. Leger & W. Tackaert, 1991. In P. Lavens,
P. Sorgeloos, E. Jaspers & F. Ollivier (eds). Larvi'91. Fish &
Crustacean larviculture symposium. EAS, special publication 15:
3-5.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. Methods for measuring the acute toxicity of effluents to freshwater and marine
organisms. EPN600/4-851013/. Envir. Res. Lab., Duluth, MN,
216 pp.
Vernberg, W. B. & F. J. Vernberg, 1983. Freshwater adaptation. In
W. B. Vemberg & F. J. Vernberg (eds), The Biology of Crustacea,
Vol. 8. Environmental adaptations Academic Press: 335-363.
Williams, W. D., 1985. Biotic adaptation in temporary lentic waters
with special reference to those in arid and semi-arid regions.
Hydrobiologia 125: 85-110.