10
80
C.Sp. 60
7LJ 40
20
3 __________
Ni = 70
Nt= 36
hours
-----0~~L-~_r_,._.__.--~_r--r_~
o
2
,
0/0 looTIIiiS~~;::;;::==~1 12 I 3
- - - - _5 -:-::-=--""";0:;---_--8
2 80
10
A.cy.
7fT 60
'~
40
20
hours
-----O~~--T-_r_,._.__.--~_r--r_~
o
2 '
8
10
%100lr.~_~~~§§~~===='~/~2~~::::====== \ ..... -___
32..----80 \
, _ _ _ _ _ -
\
- - 0 .....
\
2
L.sp. 60
I "
40 T OS
-. ....
(LJ
\
20
\
\
hours
----- o~~--~,--,_~,__r--r__r--r_-r__,
o
2 3 ,
5 6
7 8 9 10
0/0 100
5
, ,
12
80
\
21'------::
, ,
.....
T.alp. 60
,
---j~~
,
(L)
I
\
.... _-. .......
40 T
OS
Ni =73
-- ..........
,
.....
20
,
Nt = 37
-. ....
, ,
hours
-----O~~--,---~_r--r__r--~~--~~
o
2
,
6
8
10
2
o~1001~~~~==::~1~/:2:==-------------,',
580 , " ,
3
-
'"
' =------------=:
T.~
\
\
,
(ad) 60
\
40 T OS
\
I
20 :
I
\
\
\
'0 " ,
" " , ,
hours
-----04L--r-~--r__r--~~~,__,--,__,
o
2 3 , 5 6 7 8 9
111
Fig. 7. Results of predator prey experiments with Chaoborus sp. (c. sp.), Aeschna cyanea larvae (A. cy.), Lestes sponsa larvae (L. sp.)
and Triturus alpestis larvae and adults (T. alp.) as predators and Daphnia sp. (D), ostracods (OS), Tubif'ex sp. (T) and various size classes of
Branchipus schaefferi (I to 5) as prey. Duration of the experiment = 10 hours. Dotted lines and solid lines = survival curves of the various prey
types.
ing prey (Tubifex sp., ostracods). However, as large
Branchipus often swim close to the bottom they may
be considerably decimated by visually hunting predators, especially at low water level.
The high turbidity of ponds 5, 15, 16, 20, 27 and
35 may protect Branchipus from predation by visually
hunting predators. Suspended clay impairs the ability of these predators to locate their prey (McCabe &
O'Brien, 1983).
Acknowledgments
We want to thank Denton Belk for valuable critical
comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
References
Alonso, M. & D. Jaume, 1991. Branchipus cortesi n. sp.: a new
anostracan from Spain (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). Hydrobiologia 212: 221-230.
Belk, D., 1987. Embryonic cuticles of Artemia during diapause and
hatching: insights from comparison with other Branchiopoda. J.
Crust. BioI. 7: 691-696.
Clausnitzer, B., 1993. Branchipus schat;fferi Fischer bei
Konigsbrtick (Sachsen) gefunden (Crustacea, Anostraca). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 37: 125.
Flossner, D., 1972. Krebstiere, Crustacea: Kiemen- und BlattftiBer,
Branchiopoda, Fischlause, Branchiura. In: Dahl, TWD 60, Jena.
VEB Springer.
Hamer, M. L. & c. C. Appleton, 1991. Life history adaptions of phyllopods in response to predators, vegetation, and habitat duration
in north-eastern Natal. Hydrobiologia 212: 105-116.
Herbst, H. v., 1976. BlattfuBkrebse (Phyllopoden: Echte BlattfiiBer
und Wasserflohe). 2. Auflage Stuttgart (Kosmos-Franckh).
Herbst, H. v., 1982. Deutsche existenzbedrohte Branchiopoda und
Copepoda (Crustacea). Arch. Hydrobiol. 95: 107-114.
Hossler, J., G. Maier & U. Tessenow, 1989a. Ein neuer Fund von
Branchipus schaefferi (Crustacea, Anostraca) im Tobeltal bei
Ulm. Jh. Ges. Naturkde. Wtirttemberg 144: 247-255.
80
C.Sp. 60
7LJ 40
20
3 __________
Ni = 70
Nt= 36
hours
-----0~~L-~_r_,._.__.--~_r--r_~
o
2
,
0/0 looTIIiiS~~;::;;::==~1 12 I 3
- - - - _5 -:-::-=--""";0:;---_--8
2 80
10
A.cy.
7fT 60
'~
40
20
hours
-----O~~--T-_r_,._.__.--~_r--r_~
o
2 '
8
10
%100lr.~_~~~§§~~===='~/~2~~::::====== \ ..... -___
32..----80 \
, _ _ _ _ _ -
\
- - 0 .....
\
2
L.sp. 60
I "
40 T OS
-. ....
(LJ
\
20
\
\
hours
----- o~~--~,--,_~,__r--r__r--r_-r__,
o
2 3 ,
5 6
7 8 9 10
0/0 100
5
, ,
12
80
\
21'------::
, ,
.....
T.alp. 60
,
---j~~
,
(L)
I
\
.... _-. .......
40 T
OS
Ni =73
-- ..........
,
.....
20
,
Nt = 37
-. ....
, ,
hours
-----O~~--,---~_r--r__r--~~--~~
o
2
,
6
8
10
2
o~1001~~~~==::~1~/:2:==-------------,',
580 , " ,
3
-
'"
' =------------=:
T.~
\
\
,
(ad) 60
\
40 T OS
\
I
20 :
I
\
\
\
'0 " ,
" " , ,
hours
-----04L--r-~--r__r--~~~,__,--,__,
o
2 3 , 5 6 7 8 9
111
Fig. 7. Results of predator prey experiments with Chaoborus sp. (c. sp.), Aeschna cyanea larvae (A. cy.), Lestes sponsa larvae (L. sp.)
and Triturus alpestis larvae and adults (T. alp.) as predators and Daphnia sp. (D), ostracods (OS), Tubif'ex sp. (T) and various size classes of
Branchipus schaefferi (I to 5) as prey. Duration of the experiment = 10 hours. Dotted lines and solid lines = survival curves of the various prey
types.
ing prey (Tubifex sp., ostracods). However, as large
Branchipus often swim close to the bottom they may
be considerably decimated by visually hunting predators, especially at low water level.
The high turbidity of ponds 5, 15, 16, 20, 27 and
35 may protect Branchipus from predation by visually
hunting predators. Suspended clay impairs the ability of these predators to locate their prey (McCabe &
O'Brien, 1983).
Acknowledgments
We want to thank Denton Belk for valuable critical
comments on an earlier version of this manuscript.
References
Alonso, M. & D. Jaume, 1991. Branchipus cortesi n. sp.: a new
anostracan from Spain (Crustacea, Branchiopoda). Hydrobiologia 212: 221-230.
Belk, D., 1987. Embryonic cuticles of Artemia during diapause and
hatching: insights from comparison with other Branchiopoda. J.
Crust. BioI. 7: 691-696.
Clausnitzer, B., 1993. Branchipus schat;fferi Fischer bei
Konigsbrtick (Sachsen) gefunden (Crustacea, Anostraca). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 37: 125.
Flossner, D., 1972. Krebstiere, Crustacea: Kiemen- und BlattftiBer,
Branchiopoda, Fischlause, Branchiura. In: Dahl, TWD 60, Jena.
VEB Springer.
Hamer, M. L. & c. C. Appleton, 1991. Life history adaptions of phyllopods in response to predators, vegetation, and habitat duration
in north-eastern Natal. Hydrobiologia 212: 105-116.
Herbst, H. v., 1976. BlattfuBkrebse (Phyllopoden: Echte BlattfiiBer
und Wasserflohe). 2. Auflage Stuttgart (Kosmos-Franckh).
Herbst, H. v., 1982. Deutsche existenzbedrohte Branchiopoda und
Copepoda (Crustacea). Arch. Hydrobiol. 95: 107-114.
Hossler, J., G. Maier & U. Tessenow, 1989a. Ein neuer Fund von
Branchipus schaefferi (Crustacea, Anostraca) im Tobeltal bei
Ulm. Jh. Ges. Naturkde. Wtirttemberg 144: 247-255.