Chapter 17
Effect of Dilution Rate on Azadinium spinosum
and Azaspiracid (AZA) Production in Pilot Scale
Photobioreactors for the Harvest of AZA1 and -2
T. Jauffrais, V. S´ echet, P. Truquet, Zouher Amzil, C. Herrenknecht,
and P. Hess
Introduction
In 1995 the first azaspiracid (AZA) shellfish poisoning occurred in the Netherlands
with symptoms similar to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (McMahon and Silke 1996).
A few years later, the toxin was identified and named azaspiracid (Satake et al. 1998)
and then structurally revised (Nicolaou et al. 2004). Afterwards, a large number of
analogues were identified in mussel tissues using biological assay and chemical
analysis including liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS), i.e. AZA2-32 (Diaz Sierra et al. 2003; James et al. 2003; McCarron
et al. 2009; Ofuji et al. 1999, 2001; Rehmann et al. 2008). Nevertheless, since
the first known poisoning event, it took 12 years until the discovery of a primary
producer, the dinoflagellate A. spinosum (strain 3D9) (Krock et al. 2008, 2009;
Tillmann et al. 2009). This small dinoflagellate (12–16 m length and 7–11 m
width) produces AZA1 and -2 in culture (Tillmann et al. 2009). Since this recent
discovery the organism has been encountered in different parts of the world: Ireland
T. Jauffrais () • P. Truquet
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
e-mail: thierry.jauffrais@ifremer.fr; philippe.truquet@ifremer.fr
V. S´ echet • Z. Amzil
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
e-mail: veronique.sechet@ifremer.fr; Zouher.Amzil@ifremer.fr
C. Herrenknecht
Nantes Atlantique Universit´ e, MMS EA2160, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
e-mail: christine.herrenknecht@univ-nantes.fr
P. Hess
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
Nantes Atlantique Universit´ e, MMS EA2160, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
G. Sauv´ e (ed.), Molluscan Shellfish Safety, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6588-7 17,
© Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2014
197
Effect of Dilution Rate on Azadinium spinosum
and Azaspiracid (AZA) Production in Pilot Scale
Photobioreactors for the Harvest of AZA1 and -2
T. Jauffrais, V. S´ echet, P. Truquet, Zouher Amzil, C. Herrenknecht,
and P. Hess
Introduction
In 1995 the first azaspiracid (AZA) shellfish poisoning occurred in the Netherlands
with symptoms similar to diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (McMahon and Silke 1996).
A few years later, the toxin was identified and named azaspiracid (Satake et al. 1998)
and then structurally revised (Nicolaou et al. 2004). Afterwards, a large number of
analogues were identified in mussel tissues using biological assay and chemical
analysis including liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry
(LC-MS/MS), i.e. AZA2-32 (Diaz Sierra et al. 2003; James et al. 2003; McCarron
et al. 2009; Ofuji et al. 1999, 2001; Rehmann et al. 2008). Nevertheless, since
the first known poisoning event, it took 12 years until the discovery of a primary
producer, the dinoflagellate A. spinosum (strain 3D9) (Krock et al. 2008, 2009;
Tillmann et al. 2009). This small dinoflagellate (12–16 m length and 7–11 m
width) produces AZA1 and -2 in culture (Tillmann et al. 2009). Since this recent
discovery the organism has been encountered in different parts of the world: Ireland
T. Jauffrais () • P. Truquet
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
e-mail: thierry.jauffrais@ifremer.fr; philippe.truquet@ifremer.fr
V. S´ echet • Z. Amzil
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes, France
e-mail: veronique.sechet@ifremer.fr; Zouher.Amzil@ifremer.fr
C. Herrenknecht
Nantes Atlantique Universit´ e, MMS EA2160, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
e-mail: christine.herrenknecht@univ-nantes.fr
P. Hess
Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
Nantes Atlantique Universit´ e, MMS EA2160, 1 rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
G. Sauv´ e (ed.), Molluscan Shellfish Safety, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6588-7 17,
© Springer ScienceCBusiness Media Dordrecht 2014
197