174
D. Polo et al.
References
Anonymous (2004) European Regulation (EC) Nº 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on
products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Off J Eur Union L226:83–127
Baert L, Wobus CE, Van Coillie E, Thackray LB, Debevere J, Uyttendaele M (2008) Detection
of Murine Norovirus 1 by using plaque assay, transfection assay, and real-time reverse
transcription-PCR before and after heat exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:543–546
Burkhardt W, Calci KR (2000) Selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral
illness. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1375–1378
Butt AA, Aldridge KE, Sanders CV (2004) Infections related to the ingestion of seafood. Part I:
viral and bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis 4:201–212
Chalmers JWT, McMillan JH (1995) An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with adequately prepared oysters. Epidemiol Infect 115:163–167
Costafreda MI, Bosch A, Pint´ o RM (2006) Development, evaluation, and standardization of a realtime TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical
and shellfish samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3846–3855
Croci L, Losio MN, Suffredini E, Pavoni E, Di Pasquale S, Fallacara F, Arcangeli G (2007)
Assessment of human enteric viruses in shellfish from the northern Adriatic sea. Int J Food
Microbiol 114:252–257
Da Silva AK, Le Saux JC, Parnaudeau S, Pommepuy M, Eimelech M, Le Saux JC, Le Guyader
FS (2007) Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real time
reverse transcription-PCR: different behaviors of genogroups I and II. Appl Environ Microbiol
73:7891–7897
Di Girolamo R, Liston J, Matches J (1977) Ionic binding, the mechanism of viral uptake by
shellfish mucus. Appl Environ Microbiol 33:19–25
Heller D, Gill ON, Raynham E, Kirkland T, Zadick PM, Stabwell-Smith R (1986) An outbreak
of gastrointestinal illness associated with consumption of raw depurated oysters. Br Med J
292:1726–1727
Koopmans M, Duizer E (2004) Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. Int J Food Microbiol
90:23–41
Le Guyader FS, Neil FH, Dubois E, Bon F, Loisy F, Kohli E, Pommepuy M, Atmar RL
(2003) A semi-quantitative approach to estimate Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters
implicated in an outbreak. Int J Food Microbiol 87:107–112
Le Guyader FS, Bon F, DeMedici D, Parnaudeau S, Bertone A, Crudeli S, Doyle A, Zidane M,
Suffredini E, Kohli E, Maddalo E, Monini M, Gallay A, Pommepuy M, Pothier P, Ruggeri
FM (2006a) Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis
outbreak linked to oyster consumption. J Clin Microbiol 44:3878–3882
Le Guyader FS, Loisy F, Atmar RL, Hutson AM, Estes MK, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Pommepuy M, Le
Pendu J (2006b) Norwalk virus-specific binding to oyster digestive tissues. Emerg Infect Dis
12:931–936
Lees DN (2000) Viruses and bivalve shellfish. Int J Food Microbiol 59:81–116
Loisy F, Atmar RL, LeSaux JC, Cohen J, Caprais MP, Pommepuy M (2005) Rotavirus virus
like particles as surrogates to evaluate virus persistence in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol
71:6049–6053
Maalouf H, Pommepuy M, Le Guyader FS (2010) Environmental conditions leading to shellfish
contamination and related outbreaks. Food Environ Virol 2:136–145
Mcleod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D (2009) Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in
Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 106:1220–1230
Nappier SP, Graczyk TK, Schwab KJ (2008) Bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric
viruses by Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea ariakensis oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol
74:6825–6831
D. Polo et al.
References
Anonymous (2004) European Regulation (EC) Nº 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on
products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Off J Eur Union L226:83–127
Baert L, Wobus CE, Van Coillie E, Thackray LB, Debevere J, Uyttendaele M (2008) Detection
of Murine Norovirus 1 by using plaque assay, transfection assay, and real-time reverse
transcription-PCR before and after heat exposure. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:543–546
Burkhardt W, Calci KR (2000) Selective accumulation may account for shellfish-associated viral
illness. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:1375–1378
Butt AA, Aldridge KE, Sanders CV (2004) Infections related to the ingestion of seafood. Part I:
viral and bacterial infections. Lancet Infect Dis 4:201–212
Chalmers JWT, McMillan JH (1995) An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis associated with adequately prepared oysters. Epidemiol Infect 115:163–167
Costafreda MI, Bosch A, Pint´ o RM (2006) Development, evaluation, and standardization of a realtime TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical
and shellfish samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3846–3855
Croci L, Losio MN, Suffredini E, Pavoni E, Di Pasquale S, Fallacara F, Arcangeli G (2007)
Assessment of human enteric viruses in shellfish from the northern Adriatic sea. Int J Food
Microbiol 114:252–257
Da Silva AK, Le Saux JC, Parnaudeau S, Pommepuy M, Eimelech M, Le Saux JC, Le Guyader
FS (2007) Evaluation of removal of noroviruses during wastewater treatment, using real time
reverse transcription-PCR: different behaviors of genogroups I and II. Appl Environ Microbiol
73:7891–7897
Di Girolamo R, Liston J, Matches J (1977) Ionic binding, the mechanism of viral uptake by
shellfish mucus. Appl Environ Microbiol 33:19–25
Heller D, Gill ON, Raynham E, Kirkland T, Zadick PM, Stabwell-Smith R (1986) An outbreak
of gastrointestinal illness associated with consumption of raw depurated oysters. Br Med J
292:1726–1727
Koopmans M, Duizer E (2004) Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. Int J Food Microbiol
90:23–41
Le Guyader FS, Neil FH, Dubois E, Bon F, Loisy F, Kohli E, Pommepuy M, Atmar RL
(2003) A semi-quantitative approach to estimate Norwalk-like virus contamination of oysters
implicated in an outbreak. Int J Food Microbiol 87:107–112
Le Guyader FS, Bon F, DeMedici D, Parnaudeau S, Bertone A, Crudeli S, Doyle A, Zidane M,
Suffredini E, Kohli E, Maddalo E, Monini M, Gallay A, Pommepuy M, Pothier P, Ruggeri
FM (2006a) Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis
outbreak linked to oyster consumption. J Clin Microbiol 44:3878–3882
Le Guyader FS, Loisy F, Atmar RL, Hutson AM, Estes MK, Ruvoen-Clouet N, Pommepuy M, Le
Pendu J (2006b) Norwalk virus-specific binding to oyster digestive tissues. Emerg Infect Dis
12:931–936
Lees DN (2000) Viruses and bivalve shellfish. Int J Food Microbiol 59:81–116
Loisy F, Atmar RL, LeSaux JC, Cohen J, Caprais MP, Pommepuy M (2005) Rotavirus virus
like particles as surrogates to evaluate virus persistence in shellfish. Appl Environ Microbiol
71:6049–6053
Maalouf H, Pommepuy M, Le Guyader FS (2010) Environmental conditions leading to shellfish
contamination and related outbreaks. Food Environ Virol 2:136–145
Mcleod C, Hay B, Grant C, Greening G, Day D (2009) Localization of norovirus and poliovirus in
Pacific oysters. J Appl Microbiol 106:1220–1230
Nappier SP, Graczyk TK, Schwab KJ (2008) Bioaccumulation, retention, and depuration of enteric
viruses by Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea ariakensis oysters. Appl Environ Microbiol
74:6825–6831