9 Contribution of Shellfish Consumption to the Dietary Exposure. . .
105
where
E i,j is the exposure to the contaminant j for the subject i,
C i,k is the consumption level of the food k by the subject i (k D 1 to n),
L k,j is the level of contaminant j in the food k,
BW i is the body weight of the subject i.
The national consumption data come from a French survey called INCA-2
performed in 2006–2007. This survey was based on a representative sample of
the French population. It included two types of questionnaires. On the one hand,
there was an individual face-to-face questionnaire. During the interview, the weight
and the height were measured. The questions deal with leisure-time and physical
activity, the profession and education level of the head of the family, etc. On the
other hand, there was a self-administered questionnaire, including a 7-day food
record, based on a food portion-size manual with pictures. The questions also deal
with health status and smoking habits. The respondents were also asked to record
how food was kept and how it was consumed. The under-reporters were excluded.
At the end, the survey included 1,918 adults aged between 18 and 79 years old (839
men and 1,079 women) and 1,444 children aged between 3 and 17 years old.
Shellfish and Contaminants
In the 2nd French TDS, contamination data were available for the following shellfish
species: oysters, mussels, and scallops (Pecten maximus).
– oysters, nD 5 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 75 food samples
– mussels, n D 10 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 150 food samples
– scallops, n D 6 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 90 food samples
All the compounds studied in the TDS were not relevant regarding shellfish contamination (for example, acrylamide, mycotoxins, phytoestrogens). The followings
contaminants were selected for this specific study:
– 15 trace elements: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As),
Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn),
Molybden (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Antimony (Sb), Selenium (Se), Tin (Sn), Vanadium (V)
– Sum of 17 (PCDD/F) C 12 (DL-PCBs) according to Regulation EC 1881/2006
setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
– Sum of 6 (NDL-PCBs) (PCB-28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) according to
EFSA 2005
– 4 PAHs: benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene
– 16 perfluoroalkylated substances: carboxylates (PFOA, PFBA, PFPA, PFHxA,
PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA) and sulfonates
(PFOS, PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFDS)
– 8 PBDEs (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 209)
105
where
E i,j is the exposure to the contaminant j for the subject i,
C i,k is the consumption level of the food k by the subject i (k D 1 to n),
L k,j is the level of contaminant j in the food k,
BW i is the body weight of the subject i.
The national consumption data come from a French survey called INCA-2
performed in 2006–2007. This survey was based on a representative sample of
the French population. It included two types of questionnaires. On the one hand,
there was an individual face-to-face questionnaire. During the interview, the weight
and the height were measured. The questions deal with leisure-time and physical
activity, the profession and education level of the head of the family, etc. On the
other hand, there was a self-administered questionnaire, including a 7-day food
record, based on a food portion-size manual with pictures. The questions also deal
with health status and smoking habits. The respondents were also asked to record
how food was kept and how it was consumed. The under-reporters were excluded.
At the end, the survey included 1,918 adults aged between 18 and 79 years old (839
men and 1,079 women) and 1,444 children aged between 3 and 17 years old.
Shellfish and Contaminants
In the 2nd French TDS, contamination data were available for the following shellfish
species: oysters, mussels, and scallops (Pecten maximus).
– oysters, nD 5 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 75 food samples
– mussels, n D 10 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 150 food samples
– scallops, n D 6 composite samples (15 subsamples) D 90 food samples
All the compounds studied in the TDS were not relevant regarding shellfish contamination (for example, acrylamide, mycotoxins, phytoestrogens). The followings
contaminants were selected for this specific study:
– 15 trace elements: Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (As),
Aluminium (Al), Silver (Ag), Cobalt (Co), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn),
Molybden (Mo), Nickel (Ni), Antimony (Sb), Selenium (Se), Tin (Sn), Vanadium (V)
– Sum of 17 (PCDD/F) C 12 (DL-PCBs) according to Regulation EC 1881/2006
setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs
– Sum of 6 (NDL-PCBs) (PCB-28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) according to
EFSA 2005
– 4 PAHs: benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene and benzo[b]fluoranthene
– 16 perfluoroalkylated substances: carboxylates (PFOA, PFBA, PFPA, PFHxA,
PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA, PFDoA, PFTrDA, PFTeDA) and sulfonates
(PFOS, PFBS, PFHxS, PFHpS, PFDS)
– 8 PBDEs (28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 209)