Johnson KG, Sánchez-Villagra M, Aguilera O (2009) The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral
reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). Palaios 24:59–69
Jurisic M (1982) Papel del cloruro en regulación isosmótica intracelular en Holothuria
glaberrima. Bachelor’s degree Thesis, Univ Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas
Jurisic M, Roque S, López I, Herrera FC (1983) Role of chloride in isosmotic intracellular
regulation in Holothuria glaberrima. Comp Bioch Physiol 76A:831–837
Kelleher K (2005) Discards in the world’s marine fisheries. An update. FAO fisheries technical
paper. No. 470, Rome
Kier PM (1977) The poor fossil record of the regular Echinoid. Paleobiol 3:168–174
Kroh A, Nebelsick JH (2003) Echinoid assemblages as a tool for palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction: an example from the early Miocene of Egypt. PALAEO 201:157–177
Kurihara H, Shirayama Y (2004) Effects of increased atmospheric CO 2 on sea urchin early
development. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:161–169
Laboy-Nieves EN, Conde JE (2001) Metal levels in eviscerated tissue of shallow-water depositfeeding holothurians. Hydrobiol 459:19–26
Lawrence J, Balzhin A (1998) Life-history strategies and the potential of sea urchins for
aquaculture. J Shellf Res 17:1515–1522
Lawrence J, Lawrence AL, Watts SA (2007) Feeding, digestion, and digestibility. In: Lawrence
JM (ed) Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Development in aquaculture and fisheries.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 135–158
León L, Cabrera T (1994) Informe de avance sobre la pesquería del pepino de mar en las costas
del nororiente de Venezuela. Informe técnico, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar,
Universidad de Oriente, Caracas
Lesser MP, Barry TM (2003) Survivorship, development, and DNA damage in echinoderm
embryos and larvae exposed to ultraviolet radiation (290–400 nm). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
292:75–91
Lessios HA (1988) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we
learned? Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:371–393
Lessios HA (2005) Echinoids of the Pacific waters of Panama: status of knowledge and new
records. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):147–170
Lessios HA, Cubit JD, Robertson DR, Shulman MJ, Parker MR, Garrity SD, Levings SC (1984)
Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs 3:
173–182
Lodeiros C, García N (2004) The use of sea urchins to control ‘‘fouling’’ during suspended
culture of bivalves. Aquacult 231:293–298
Lodeiros C, Marín B, Prieto A (1999) Catálogo de moluscos marinos de las costas nororientales
de Venezuela. Clase Bivalvia, Edición APUDONS, Cumaná
López R, Núñez O, Morales F, Calderón C, Liewald W (1999) Aplicación de sistemas oxidantes
avanzados en el tratamiento de aguas residuales de la industria petrolera (sistema FENTON).
Acta Cien Venez 50:75–80
Losada F, Martín A, Feragotto W, Alamo C (1988) Interacciones biológicas en el canal de toma
de la Planta Termoeléctrica del Centro en Punta Morón, Venezuela. Ecotrop 1:55–70
Lozada BI (2002) Estudio de la influencia de los fenómenos El Niño y La Niña en la precipitación
de la región Centro-Occidental de Venezuela. Rev Brasileira Agrometeorol 10:317–322
Lunn KE, Villanueva-Noriega MJ, Vincent ACJ (2008) Souvenirs from the sea: an investigation
into the curio trade in Echinoderms from Mexico. Traffic Bull 22:19–32
Macsotay O, Vivas V, Gil M (2009) Historia Geológica del Golfo y la fosa de Cariaco, Venezuela
Nororiental, evolución de la anoxia. Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ Oriente 48:89–108
Madrid E (1971) Acomodación a variaciones en la salinidad del agua de mar de los electrolitos
intracelulares y del líquido celómico de la holoturia Isostichopus badionotus Selenka.
Bachelor’s degree Thesis, Univ Central de Venezuela, Caracas
Madrid E, Zanders IP, Herrera FC (1976) Changes in coelomic fluid and intracellular ionic
composition in holothurians exposed to diverse sea water concentrations. Comp Bioch Physiol
54A:167–174
7 Echinoderms from Venezuela
271
reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). Palaios 24:59–69
Jurisic M (1982) Papel del cloruro en regulación isosmótica intracelular en Holothuria
glaberrima. Bachelor’s degree Thesis, Univ Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas
Jurisic M, Roque S, López I, Herrera FC (1983) Role of chloride in isosmotic intracellular
regulation in Holothuria glaberrima. Comp Bioch Physiol 76A:831–837
Kelleher K (2005) Discards in the world’s marine fisheries. An update. FAO fisheries technical
paper. No. 470, Rome
Kier PM (1977) The poor fossil record of the regular Echinoid. Paleobiol 3:168–174
Kroh A, Nebelsick JH (2003) Echinoid assemblages as a tool for palaeoenvironmental
reconstruction: an example from the early Miocene of Egypt. PALAEO 201:157–177
Kurihara H, Shirayama Y (2004) Effects of increased atmospheric CO 2 on sea urchin early
development. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 274:161–169
Laboy-Nieves EN, Conde JE (2001) Metal levels in eviscerated tissue of shallow-water depositfeeding holothurians. Hydrobiol 459:19–26
Lawrence J, Balzhin A (1998) Life-history strategies and the potential of sea urchins for
aquaculture. J Shellf Res 17:1515–1522
Lawrence J, Lawrence AL, Watts SA (2007) Feeding, digestion, and digestibility. In: Lawrence
JM (ed) Edible sea urchins: biology and ecology. Development in aquaculture and fisheries.
Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 135–158
León L, Cabrera T (1994) Informe de avance sobre la pesquería del pepino de mar en las costas
del nororiente de Venezuela. Informe técnico, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar,
Universidad de Oriente, Caracas
Lesser MP, Barry TM (2003) Survivorship, development, and DNA damage in echinoderm
embryos and larvae exposed to ultraviolet radiation (290–400 nm). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol
292:75–91
Lessios HA (1988) Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: what have we
learned? Ann Rev Ecol Syst 19:371–393
Lessios HA (2005) Echinoids of the Pacific waters of Panama: status of knowledge and new
records. Rev Biol Trop 53(Suppl 3):147–170
Lessios HA, Cubit JD, Robertson DR, Shulman MJ, Parker MR, Garrity SD, Levings SC (1984)
Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Coral Reefs 3:
173–182
Lodeiros C, García N (2004) The use of sea urchins to control ‘‘fouling’’ during suspended
culture of bivalves. Aquacult 231:293–298
Lodeiros C, Marín B, Prieto A (1999) Catálogo de moluscos marinos de las costas nororientales
de Venezuela. Clase Bivalvia, Edición APUDONS, Cumaná
López R, Núñez O, Morales F, Calderón C, Liewald W (1999) Aplicación de sistemas oxidantes
avanzados en el tratamiento de aguas residuales de la industria petrolera (sistema FENTON).
Acta Cien Venez 50:75–80
Losada F, Martín A, Feragotto W, Alamo C (1988) Interacciones biológicas en el canal de toma
de la Planta Termoeléctrica del Centro en Punta Morón, Venezuela. Ecotrop 1:55–70
Lozada BI (2002) Estudio de la influencia de los fenómenos El Niño y La Niña en la precipitación
de la región Centro-Occidental de Venezuela. Rev Brasileira Agrometeorol 10:317–322
Lunn KE, Villanueva-Noriega MJ, Vincent ACJ (2008) Souvenirs from the sea: an investigation
into the curio trade in Echinoderms from Mexico. Traffic Bull 22:19–32
Macsotay O, Vivas V, Gil M (2009) Historia Geológica del Golfo y la fosa de Cariaco, Venezuela
Nororiental, evolución de la anoxia. Bol Inst Oceanogr Univ Oriente 48:89–108
Madrid E (1971) Acomodación a variaciones en la salinidad del agua de mar de los electrolitos
intracelulares y del líquido celómico de la holoturia Isostichopus badionotus Selenka.
Bachelor’s degree Thesis, Univ Central de Venezuela, Caracas
Madrid E, Zanders IP, Herrera FC (1976) Changes in coelomic fluid and intracellular ionic
composition in holothurians exposed to diverse sea water concentrations. Comp Bioch Physiol
54A:167–174
7 Echinoderms from Venezuela
271