Mumby PJ, Hedley JD, Zychaluk K, Harbone AR, Blackwell PG (2006) Revisiting the
catastrophic die-off of the urchin Diadema antillarum on Caribbean coral reefs: fresh insights
on resilience from a simulation model. Ecol Model 196:131–148
Murillo MM, Cortés J (1984) Alta mortalidad en la población del erizo de mar Diadema
antillarum Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), en el Parque Nacional de Cahuita, Limón,
Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 32:167–169
Myhre S, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A (2007) Recovery of sea urchin Diadema antillarum populations is
correlated to increased coral and reduced macroalgal cover. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 329:205–210
O’Dea A, Rodriguez F, De Gracia C, Coates AG (2007) La paleontología marina en el Istmo de
Panamá. Canto Rodado 2:149–179
Ogden JC (1977) Carbonate-sediment production by parrot fish and sea urchins on Caribbean
reefs. Stud Geol 4:281–288
Pawson DL (1976) Shallow-water sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie
Bow Cay, Belize. Proc Biol Soc Wash 89:369–382
Pawson DL (2007) Phylum Echinodermata. Zootaxa 1668:749–764
Pawson DL, Miller JE (1988) Thyone tanyspeira, a new species of sea cucumber from the
Southern Caribbean sea. Bull Mar Sci 42:310–316
Pearse JS (1968) Gametogenesis and reproduction in several abyssal and shallow water
echinoderms of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Stanford Oceanogr Exp Cruise 20 Te Vega
Rep:225–234
Peyrot-Clausade M, Chabanet P, Conand C, Fontaine MF, Letourner Y, Harmelin-Vivien H
(2000) Sea urchin and fish bioerosion on La Réunion and Moorea reefs. Bull Mar Sci 66:477–
485
Quesada-Alpízar MA, Cortés J (2006) Los ecosistemas marinos del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica:
estado del conocimiento y perspectivas del manejo. Rev Biol Trop 54(Suppl 1):101–145
Richards VP, Thomas JD, Stanhope MJ, Shivji MS (2007) Genetic connectivity in the Florida
reef system: comparative phylogeographym of commensal invertebrate with contrasting
reproductive strategies. Mol Ecol 16:139–157
Robertson R, Christy JH, Collin R, Cooke RG, D’Croz L, Kaufmann KW, Heckadon-Moreno S,
Mate JL, O’Dea A, Torchin ME (2009) The Smithsonian tropical research institute: marine
research, education, and conservation in Panama. Smith Contr Mar Sci 38:73–93
Rojas-Guitart MT (1990) Determinación de Cadmio, Cromo, Cobre, Hieroo, Manganeso, Plomo
y Zinc en el pepino de mar Holothuria sp (Echinodermata) del arrecife coralino del Parque
Nacional Cahuita, Costa Rica. Licenciatura thesis, Fac Cienc, Esc Quím, Univ Costa Rica
Rojas MT, Acuña JA, Rodríguez OM (1998) Metales traza en el pepino de mar Holothuria
(Halodeima) mexicana del Caribe de Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 46(6):215–220
Rützler K (2009) Caribbean coral reef ecosystems: thirty-five years of smithsonian marine
science in belize. Smith Contr Mar Sci 38:43–71
Ryan JD, Miller LJ, Zapata Y, Downs O, Chan R (1998) Great Corn Island, Nicaragua. In:
Kjerfve B (ed) CARICOMP: Caribbean Coral Reef, Seagrass and mangroves sites. UNESCO,
Paris, pp 95–105
Sammarco PW (1980) Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition
and biological disturbance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 45:245–472
Sammarco PW (1982a) Echinoid grazing as a structure force in coral communities: whole reef
manipulations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 61:31–55
Sammarco PW (1982b) Effects of grazing by Diadema antillarum Phillipi (Echinodermata:
Echinoidea) on algal diversity and community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 65:83–105
Sammarco PW, Levington JS, Ogden JC (1974) Grazing and control of coral reef community
structure by Diadema antillarum Phillipi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a preliminary study.
J Mar Res 32:47–53
Scheibling RE, Metaxas A (2010) Mangroves and fringing reefs as nursery habitats for the
endangered Caribbean sea star Oreaster reticulates. Bull Mar Sci 86:133–148
3 Central America Echinoderms: Diversity, Ecology and Future Perspectives
105
catastrophic die-off of the urchin Diadema antillarum on Caribbean coral reefs: fresh insights
on resilience from a simulation model. Ecol Model 196:131–148
Murillo MM, Cortés J (1984) Alta mortalidad en la población del erizo de mar Diadema
antillarum Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), en el Parque Nacional de Cahuita, Limón,
Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 32:167–169
Myhre S, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A (2007) Recovery of sea urchin Diadema antillarum populations is
correlated to increased coral and reduced macroalgal cover. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 329:205–210
O’Dea A, Rodriguez F, De Gracia C, Coates AG (2007) La paleontología marina en el Istmo de
Panamá. Canto Rodado 2:149–179
Ogden JC (1977) Carbonate-sediment production by parrot fish and sea urchins on Caribbean
reefs. Stud Geol 4:281–288
Pawson DL (1976) Shallow-water sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie
Bow Cay, Belize. Proc Biol Soc Wash 89:369–382
Pawson DL (2007) Phylum Echinodermata. Zootaxa 1668:749–764
Pawson DL, Miller JE (1988) Thyone tanyspeira, a new species of sea cucumber from the
Southern Caribbean sea. Bull Mar Sci 42:310–316
Pearse JS (1968) Gametogenesis and reproduction in several abyssal and shallow water
echinoderms of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Stanford Oceanogr Exp Cruise 20 Te Vega
Rep:225–234
Peyrot-Clausade M, Chabanet P, Conand C, Fontaine MF, Letourner Y, Harmelin-Vivien H
(2000) Sea urchin and fish bioerosion on La Réunion and Moorea reefs. Bull Mar Sci 66:477–
485
Quesada-Alpízar MA, Cortés J (2006) Los ecosistemas marinos del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica:
estado del conocimiento y perspectivas del manejo. Rev Biol Trop 54(Suppl 1):101–145
Richards VP, Thomas JD, Stanhope MJ, Shivji MS (2007) Genetic connectivity in the Florida
reef system: comparative phylogeographym of commensal invertebrate with contrasting
reproductive strategies. Mol Ecol 16:139–157
Robertson R, Christy JH, Collin R, Cooke RG, D’Croz L, Kaufmann KW, Heckadon-Moreno S,
Mate JL, O’Dea A, Torchin ME (2009) The Smithsonian tropical research institute: marine
research, education, and conservation in Panama. Smith Contr Mar Sci 38:73–93
Rojas-Guitart MT (1990) Determinación de Cadmio, Cromo, Cobre, Hieroo, Manganeso, Plomo
y Zinc en el pepino de mar Holothuria sp (Echinodermata) del arrecife coralino del Parque
Nacional Cahuita, Costa Rica. Licenciatura thesis, Fac Cienc, Esc Quím, Univ Costa Rica
Rojas MT, Acuña JA, Rodríguez OM (1998) Metales traza en el pepino de mar Holothuria
(Halodeima) mexicana del Caribe de Costa Rica. Rev Biol Trop 46(6):215–220
Rützler K (2009) Caribbean coral reef ecosystems: thirty-five years of smithsonian marine
science in belize. Smith Contr Mar Sci 38:43–71
Ryan JD, Miller LJ, Zapata Y, Downs O, Chan R (1998) Great Corn Island, Nicaragua. In:
Kjerfve B (ed) CARICOMP: Caribbean Coral Reef, Seagrass and mangroves sites. UNESCO,
Paris, pp 95–105
Sammarco PW (1980) Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition
and biological disturbance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 45:245–472
Sammarco PW (1982a) Echinoid grazing as a structure force in coral communities: whole reef
manipulations. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 61:31–55
Sammarco PW (1982b) Effects of grazing by Diadema antillarum Phillipi (Echinodermata:
Echinoidea) on algal diversity and community structure. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 65:83–105
Sammarco PW, Levington JS, Ogden JC (1974) Grazing and control of coral reef community
structure by Diadema antillarum Phillipi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): a preliminary study.
J Mar Res 32:47–53
Scheibling RE, Metaxas A (2010) Mangroves and fringing reefs as nursery habitats for the
endangered Caribbean sea star Oreaster reticulates. Bull Mar Sci 86:133–148
3 Central America Echinoderms: Diversity, Ecology and Future Perspectives
105