viii
Prof. Dr. O. M. Ivanova-Kazas, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saint Petersburg, provided very valuable advice. Ms. M. Spencer Jones and Dr. P. Wyse
Jackson, Trinity College, Dublin, greatly helped with the historical part of the monograph,
which also could not have been achieved without the stimulating help with translation provided by Prof. Dr. N. Vávra, University of Vienna, Mr. T. Vávra, Gerasdorf, Drs. M. Obst,
Göteborg University, P. Moissette, University of Lyon, T. Schwaha, University of Vienna, and
L. Manzoni Vieira, University of São Paulo.
This study would have been impossible without the unwavering support of my colleagues
and co-authors: Prof. Dr. C. Nielsen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Prof.
Dr. P. Schäfer, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Prof. Dr. N. Vávra, Department of
Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Prof. Dr. S. F. Mawatari, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Prof. Dr. M. H. Dick, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Drs. S. Lidgard, Field Museum of Natural
History, Chicago, A. O’Dea, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, J. S. Porter,
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, B. Berning, Upper Austrian State Museum, Linz, Drs.
M. Walzl and T. Schwaha, University of Vienna, and Ms. J. Sanner, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, with whom I carried out joint projects and frequently discussed practical and theoretical aspects of my work. Special thanks are given to Prof. Dr. J. S. Ryland, University of
Wales, Swansea, whose monographs became textbooks for several generations of bryozoologists, and who greatly supported my projects as a reviewer. Prof. Dr. A. V. Ereskovsky,
Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Marseille, is greatly acknowledged for
varied assistance, advice and constructive criticism.
Financial support for my research was provided by the Ministry of Education of the
Russian Federation, the City Administration of Saint Petersburg, Administration of the
European Community (SYS-Resource Grant), Department of Commerce, USA (SABITProgram), Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Republic of Panama, as
well as Otto Kinne Foundation and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, Lise
Meitner Foundation, Austria, Danish National Science Council (grant 9600682), German
Research Foundation (DFG) (grant Scha 355/20-1), Center of Excellence Program on NeoScience of Natural History, Japan, Smithsonian Marine Science Network, USA (grant FY11),
Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grants P19337-B17 and P22696-B17) and Russian Foundation
for Basic Research (grants 07-04-00928-a, 10-04-00085-a and 13-04-00758-a, and expedition
grants 07-04- 10046-к, 08-04-10011-к, 09-04-10077-к, 10-04-10089-к, 11-04-10028-к and
12-04- 10118-к). The Publishing House Springer-Verlag kindly supported translation and
publication of the monograph. The Austrian Science Fund provided fi nancial support for the
scientifi c editing.
I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. A. I. Granovich, Head of the Department of Invertebrate
Zoology of Saint Petersburg State University for the favourable conditions provided to me
during the writing of this book, for helpful discussions and encouragement. While working on
this monograph, I always felt the friendly interest of all the staff of the Department of
Invertebrate Zoology, and it is my pleasure to acknowledge their support. I sincerely thank my
former students Mrs. E. V. Ushanova and Ms. O. N. Kotenko for help with translation and
varied technical assistance. Dr. A. Ernst, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel,
helped with photowork in the early stages of manuscript preparation. Drs. A. Gruhl and
A. Waeschenbach, The Natural History Museum, London, kindly reviewed the introductory section of the monograph. Prof. R. N. Hughes kindly revised a piece on self-fertilization in Chap. 1,
and Dr L. Manzoni Vieira helped with a synonymy of Brazilian Bryozoa. Dr. A. V. Stepanjuk,
Institute of Oceanography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, helped me to
verify some geographical data. I am also grateful to Mrs. N. V. Lentsman, Saint Petersburg State
University, who beautifully translated the revised text of the monograph into English and
whose advice and constructive criticism resulted in considerable textual improvement.
My most tender thanks go to my wife Tatiana and my children Xenia and Nikita for their
love, help and never-ending patience.
Acknowledgements
Prof. Dr. O. M. Ivanova-Kazas, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Saint Petersburg, provided very valuable advice. Ms. M. Spencer Jones and Dr. P. Wyse
Jackson, Trinity College, Dublin, greatly helped with the historical part of the monograph,
which also could not have been achieved without the stimulating help with translation provided by Prof. Dr. N. Vávra, University of Vienna, Mr. T. Vávra, Gerasdorf, Drs. M. Obst,
Göteborg University, P. Moissette, University of Lyon, T. Schwaha, University of Vienna, and
L. Manzoni Vieira, University of São Paulo.
This study would have been impossible without the unwavering support of my colleagues
and co-authors: Prof. Dr. C. Nielsen, Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen, Prof.
Dr. P. Schäfer, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel, Prof. Dr. N. Vávra, Department of
Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Prof. Dr. S. F. Mawatari, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Prof. Dr. M. H. Dick, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Drs. S. Lidgard, Field Museum of Natural
History, Chicago, A. O’Dea, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, J. S. Porter,
Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, B. Berning, Upper Austrian State Museum, Linz, Drs.
M. Walzl and T. Schwaha, University of Vienna, and Ms. J. Sanner, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, with whom I carried out joint projects and frequently discussed practical and theoretical aspects of my work. Special thanks are given to Prof. Dr. J. S. Ryland, University of
Wales, Swansea, whose monographs became textbooks for several generations of bryozoologists, and who greatly supported my projects as a reviewer. Prof. Dr. A. V. Ereskovsky,
Mediterranean Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Marseille, is greatly acknowledged for
varied assistance, advice and constructive criticism.
Financial support for my research was provided by the Ministry of Education of the
Russian Federation, the City Administration of Saint Petersburg, Administration of the
European Community (SYS-Resource Grant), Department of Commerce, USA (SABITProgram), Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Republic of Panama, as
well as Otto Kinne Foundation and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, Lise
Meitner Foundation, Austria, Danish National Science Council (grant 9600682), German
Research Foundation (DFG) (grant Scha 355/20-1), Center of Excellence Program on NeoScience of Natural History, Japan, Smithsonian Marine Science Network, USA (grant FY11),
Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (grants P19337-B17 and P22696-B17) and Russian Foundation
for Basic Research (grants 07-04-00928-a, 10-04-00085-a and 13-04-00758-a, and expedition
grants 07-04- 10046-к, 08-04-10011-к, 09-04-10077-к, 10-04-10089-к, 11-04-10028-к and
12-04- 10118-к). The Publishing House Springer-Verlag kindly supported translation and
publication of the monograph. The Austrian Science Fund provided fi nancial support for the
scientifi c editing.
I am very grateful to Prof. Dr. A. I. Granovich, Head of the Department of Invertebrate
Zoology of Saint Petersburg State University for the favourable conditions provided to me
during the writing of this book, for helpful discussions and encouragement. While working on
this monograph, I always felt the friendly interest of all the staff of the Department of
Invertebrate Zoology, and it is my pleasure to acknowledge their support. I sincerely thank my
former students Mrs. E. V. Ushanova and Ms. O. N. Kotenko for help with translation and
varied technical assistance. Dr. A. Ernst, Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel,
helped with photowork in the early stages of manuscript preparation. Drs. A. Gruhl and
A. Waeschenbach, The Natural History Museum, London, kindly reviewed the introductory section of the monograph. Prof. R. N. Hughes kindly revised a piece on self-fertilization in Chap. 1,
and Dr L. Manzoni Vieira helped with a synonymy of Brazilian Bryozoa. Dr. A. V. Stepanjuk,
Institute of Oceanography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, helped me to
verify some geographical data. I am also grateful to Mrs. N. V. Lentsman, Saint Petersburg State
University, who beautifully translated the revised text of the monograph into English and
whose advice and constructive criticism resulted in considerable textual improvement.
My most tender thanks go to my wife Tatiana and my children Xenia and Nikita for their
love, help and never-ending patience.
Acknowledgements