36
No. Species
Zygote
Early and mid-stage embryos Late embryos & larvae
V
Brooding
ov bs + oc bs
62 Rhamphostomella costata
245.0 × 190.0; 270.0 × 180.0
>1.1
+
63 Escharella immersa
120.0 × 115.0; 125.0 × 115.0
>1.06
+
64 Lageneschara lyrulata
320.0 × 260.0; 360.0 × 285.0
>1.3
+
65 Cellarinella sp.
290.0 × 230.0; 290.0 × 260.0
>1.1
+
66 Smittina majuscula
175.0
185.0 × 150.0
+
67 Smittina concinna
120.0 × 105.0; 160.0 × 80.0
>1.2
+
68 Smittina antarctica
230.0 × 210.0
245.0 × 220.0
1.18
+
69 Smittoidea reticulata
150.0 × 95.0
+
70 Parasmittina crosslandi
135.0 × 115.0 165.0 × 155.0
>2.09
+
71 Bostrychopora dentata
260.0 × 200.0
+
72 Schizomavella lineata
135.0 × 95.0; 150.0 × 110.0
160.0 × 95.0
1.3
+
73 Schizomavella cuspidata
128.0 × 100.0; 130.0 × 105.0
>1.09
+
74 Schizomavella mamillata
157.5 × 125.0; 165.0 × 135.0
>1.1
+
75 Hippoporina reticulatopunctata
175.0 × 105.0
+
76 Hippoporina ussowi
170.0 × 145.0
+
77 Hippoporina propinqua
155.0 × 105.0; 165.0 × 115.0
>1.2
+
78 Kymella polaris
290.0 × 240.0; 330.0 × 260.0
>1.3
+
79 Watersipora subtorquata ➍
126.2x100.0
163.0x147.5
3
(+)
80 Schizoporella unicornis
183.0 × 165.0; 195.0 × 175.0
>1.2
+
81 Schizoporella sp.
175.0 × 125.0
+
82 Quadriscutella papillata
330.0 × 300.0; 360.0 × 340.0
>1.3
+
83 Margaretta barbata
300.0 × 210.0; 270.0
320.0 × 280.0
1.6
+
84 Myriapora truncata ➍
360.0 × 350.0
(+)
85 Pacifi cincola insculpta
310.0 × 200.0; 360.0 × 200.0
>1.3
+
86 Cylindroporella tubulosa
100.0 × 90.0; 120.0 × 110.0
>1.62
+
87 “Calyptotheca” variolosa ➍
260.0 × 180.0
460.0 × 320.0
5.57
(+)
88 Emballotheca quadrata
310.0 × 260.0
+
89 Parmularia smeatoni
310.0 × 305.0
+
90 Cryptosula pallasiana
160.0 × 120.0; 180.0 × 150.0
>1.6
+
91 Microporella ciliata
93.0 × 85.0; 102.0 × 90.0
>1.25
+
92 Calwellia bicornis
140.0 × 130.0; 150.0 × 130.0
>1.1
+
93 Calwellia gracilis
132.0 × 120.0; 135.0 × 127.0
>1.1
+
94 Petralia undata
360.0 × 300.0; 400.0 × 290.0
>1.1
+
95 Mucropetraliella ellerii
230.0 × 140.0; 200.0 × 180.0
>1.08
+
96 Eminooecia carsonae
245.0 × 195.0; 250.0 × 230.0
>1.1
+
97 Isoschizoporella tricuspis
270.0 × 250.0; 320.0 × 260.0
>1.3
+
98 Isoschizoporella secunda
270.0 × 160.0; 260.0 × 180.0
>1.07
+
99 Urceolipora nana ➌
100.0 × 50.0
180.0 × 145.0
>10.17 (+)
100 Reciprocus regalis ➌
54.0 × 45.0
280.0 × 215.0; 315.0 × 240.0 360.0 × 240.0; 370.0 × 260.0 257.7
(+)
101 Crepidacantha kirkpatricki
125.0 × 105.0; 135.0 × 115.0
>1.2
+
102 Characodoma porcellanum
165.0 × 76.0
+
103 Galeopsis porcellanicus
125.0 × 115.0; 145.0 × 110.0 150.0 × 115.0; 145.0 × 140.0 1.9
+
104 Turbicellepora crenulata
150.0 × 130.0; 155.0 × 135.0 170.0 × 125.0
1.1
+
105 Turbicellepora avicularis
145.0 × 130.0
175.0 × 150.0; 180.0 × 155.0 1.8
+
106 Celleporina caminata
225.0 × 190.0
+
107 Hippoporella hippopus
150.0 × 125.0; 150.0 × 130.0 175.0 × 120.0
1.37
+
108 Trematooecia aviculifera
280.0 × 220.0; 300.0 × 240.0
>1.25
+
109 Reteporella sp.
185.0 × 148.0; 195.0 × 140.0 232.0 × 115.0; 187.0 × 175.0 1.03
+
110 Poecilopora anomala
120.0 × 95.0
115.0 × 95.0; 125.0 × 95.0
+
Maximum diameters are given for zygotes and late embryos/larvae. Minimum diameters are given for early and mid-stage embryos. Numbers in
circles “3” and “4” are given to the species with corresponding reproductive pattern (the rest of the species have reproductive pattern II).
Abbreviations and symbols: “×” two longest perpendicular diameters, V embryo enlargement (increase in volume) during brooding (late embryos/
larvae compared with early embryos, zygotes and mature oocytes, see Table 1.6 ), “ov” ovicell, “bs + oc” brood sac with reduced ooecium, “bs”
internal brooding in brood sac, (+) the presence of embryophore
Table 1.8 (continued)
1 Reproductive Patterns of Gymnolaemate Bryozoa: General Overview and Comparative Analysis
No. Species
Zygote
Early and mid-stage embryos Late embryos & larvae
V
Brooding
ov bs + oc bs
62 Rhamphostomella costata
245.0 × 190.0; 270.0 × 180.0
>1.1
+
63 Escharella immersa
120.0 × 115.0; 125.0 × 115.0
>1.06
+
64 Lageneschara lyrulata
320.0 × 260.0; 360.0 × 285.0
>1.3
+
65 Cellarinella sp.
290.0 × 230.0; 290.0 × 260.0
>1.1
+
66 Smittina majuscula
175.0
185.0 × 150.0
+
67 Smittina concinna
120.0 × 105.0; 160.0 × 80.0
>1.2
+
68 Smittina antarctica
230.0 × 210.0
245.0 × 220.0
1.18
+
69 Smittoidea reticulata
150.0 × 95.0
+
70 Parasmittina crosslandi
135.0 × 115.0 165.0 × 155.0
>2.09
+
71 Bostrychopora dentata
260.0 × 200.0
+
72 Schizomavella lineata
135.0 × 95.0; 150.0 × 110.0
160.0 × 95.0
1.3
+
73 Schizomavella cuspidata
128.0 × 100.0; 130.0 × 105.0
>1.09
+
74 Schizomavella mamillata
157.5 × 125.0; 165.0 × 135.0
>1.1
+
75 Hippoporina reticulatopunctata
175.0 × 105.0
+
76 Hippoporina ussowi
170.0 × 145.0
+
77 Hippoporina propinqua
155.0 × 105.0; 165.0 × 115.0
>1.2
+
78 Kymella polaris
290.0 × 240.0; 330.0 × 260.0
>1.3
+
79 Watersipora subtorquata ➍
126.2x100.0
163.0x147.5
3
(+)
80 Schizoporella unicornis
183.0 × 165.0; 195.0 × 175.0
>1.2
+
81 Schizoporella sp.
175.0 × 125.0
+
82 Quadriscutella papillata
330.0 × 300.0; 360.0 × 340.0
>1.3
+
83 Margaretta barbata
300.0 × 210.0; 270.0
320.0 × 280.0
1.6
+
84 Myriapora truncata ➍
360.0 × 350.0
(+)
85 Pacifi cincola insculpta
310.0 × 200.0; 360.0 × 200.0
>1.3
+
86 Cylindroporella tubulosa
100.0 × 90.0; 120.0 × 110.0
>1.62
+
87 “Calyptotheca” variolosa ➍
260.0 × 180.0
460.0 × 320.0
5.57
(+)
88 Emballotheca quadrata
310.0 × 260.0
+
89 Parmularia smeatoni
310.0 × 305.0
+
90 Cryptosula pallasiana
160.0 × 120.0; 180.0 × 150.0
>1.6
+
91 Microporella ciliata
93.0 × 85.0; 102.0 × 90.0
>1.25
+
92 Calwellia bicornis
140.0 × 130.0; 150.0 × 130.0
>1.1
+
93 Calwellia gracilis
132.0 × 120.0; 135.0 × 127.0
>1.1
+
94 Petralia undata
360.0 × 300.0; 400.0 × 290.0
>1.1
+
95 Mucropetraliella ellerii
230.0 × 140.0; 200.0 × 180.0
>1.08
+
96 Eminooecia carsonae
245.0 × 195.0; 250.0 × 230.0
>1.1
+
97 Isoschizoporella tricuspis
270.0 × 250.0; 320.0 × 260.0
>1.3
+
98 Isoschizoporella secunda
270.0 × 160.0; 260.0 × 180.0
>1.07
+
99 Urceolipora nana ➌
100.0 × 50.0
180.0 × 145.0
>10.17 (+)
100 Reciprocus regalis ➌
54.0 × 45.0
280.0 × 215.0; 315.0 × 240.0 360.0 × 240.0; 370.0 × 260.0 257.7
(+)
101 Crepidacantha kirkpatricki
125.0 × 105.0; 135.0 × 115.0
>1.2
+
102 Characodoma porcellanum
165.0 × 76.0
+
103 Galeopsis porcellanicus
125.0 × 115.0; 145.0 × 110.0 150.0 × 115.0; 145.0 × 140.0 1.9
+
104 Turbicellepora crenulata
150.0 × 130.0; 155.0 × 135.0 170.0 × 125.0
1.1
+
105 Turbicellepora avicularis
145.0 × 130.0
175.0 × 150.0; 180.0 × 155.0 1.8
+
106 Celleporina caminata
225.0 × 190.0
+
107 Hippoporella hippopus
150.0 × 125.0; 150.0 × 130.0 175.0 × 120.0
1.37
+
108 Trematooecia aviculifera
280.0 × 220.0; 300.0 × 240.0
>1.25
+
109 Reteporella sp.
185.0 × 148.0; 195.0 × 140.0 232.0 × 115.0; 187.0 × 175.0 1.03
+
110 Poecilopora anomala
120.0 × 95.0
115.0 × 95.0; 125.0 × 95.0
+
Maximum diameters are given for zygotes and late embryos/larvae. Minimum diameters are given for early and mid-stage embryos. Numbers in
circles “3” and “4” are given to the species with corresponding reproductive pattern (the rest of the species have reproductive pattern II).
Abbreviations and symbols: “×” two longest perpendicular diameters, V embryo enlargement (increase in volume) during brooding (late embryos/
larvae compared with early embryos, zygotes and mature oocytes, see Table 1.6 ), “ov” ovicell, “bs + oc” brood sac with reduced ooecium, “bs”
internal brooding in brood sac, (+) the presence of embryophore
Table 1.8 (continued)
1 Reproductive Patterns of Gymnolaemate Bryozoa: General Overview and Comparative Analysis