355
polymorphism , xxiii, 4, 63–66, 251, 266
structure of colonies , xxiii, 5–13, 15–16
Skeleton , xviii, 119, 125, 128, 129, 148, 261, 266
Spawning , xiii, 6, 11, 17, 18, 50, 60, 66–69, 71, 73, 74, 233, 252, 255,
258, 272, 284, 305, 307
Speciation , xiv, xxi, xxii, 266–268
Sperm
alien , 21, 60, 68, 244, 257, 290, 293, 300–302, 304, 311
attractants , 61, 62
capture , 12, 62, 74
head , 21, 23–25, 38, 47, 59–61, 77, 81–83, 85, 87, 96, 97, 104,
300, 303, 309, 310, 313
mortality , 244
release , xviii, 11, 12, 60, 61, 65, 67–69, 285, 286, 300, 305, 311
removal , 6
storage , 244
survival , 244
Spermatids , 13
Spermatocyte , 13
Spermatogenesis , 3, 4, 13, 103, 290, 292, 294, 295, 297, 304, 308,
310, 311
Spermatogenic tissue , 5, 10, 11, 13–16, 65, 66, 87, 89, 103, 104,
287–290, 292, 293, 295, 297–299, 301–305, 309–312, 314
Spermatogonia , 4, 13, 287, 309
Spermatozeugmata , 3, 60, 289, 294, 297, 300, 306, 310, 312, 313
Spermatozoid , 12, 13, 15, 59, 61, 67, 74, 244, 285–290, 293, 294, 297,
298, 300, 301, 305, 306, 313
Spermcasting , 252
Spines
articulated , 151, 152, 330
inarticulated , 131, 147
kenozooidal , 329
mural , 15, 103, 124, 125, 147, 151, 152, 154, 155, 206, 255,
258, 329
non-articulated , 151, 154, 329
oral , 89, 92, 118–120, 133, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 167, 168, 171,
172, 176, 181, 184, 185, 191, 196, 199–201, 212, 329
periopesial , 150, 154
Spinocyst , 150, 153, 155, 156, 184, 185, 220, 267, 329
Statoblasts , xviii, 1, 4, 68, 116, 287
Stomach , xx, 3, 286, 287, 293, 294
Subovarian space , 17–19, 51, 74, 301, 310
Supraneural coelomopore (SNP) , xxi, 4, 47, 62, 66–74, 293, 298,
304, 311
Suspension-feeders , xviii
Synecium , 146
Syngamy , xiii, 5, 21, 47, 52, 59–61, 74, 244, 257, 271, 300, 301,
310, 313
T
Tentacle(s)
dorso-medial , 3, 60, 62, 66–68
non-ciliated , 65, 306
sheath , 22, 62, 63, 75, 105, 119, 121, 149, 202, 260, 262,
270, 286, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296–299, 302–304, 311,
312, 314
wall , 68
Tentacular
coelom, xxi,
crown , xx, xxi
Terminal sphincter muscle , 67
Tertiary , 249, 272
Testis , xx, 1, 2, 13, 286–289, 292, 293, 295, 298, 302, 304,
305, 308
Thanetian , 330
Totipotent cells , 4, 13, 20, 299
Triassic , xviii, xix, xxii, 270, 271
Trochophore , 235
Turonian , 266
V
Vacuole , 19–21, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 54, 58, 83, 93, 95, 292
pinocytotic , 54
Vestibulum , 62, 82, 121, 128, 137, 145, 146, 149, 150, 162, 182, 202,
235, 258, 260, 261, 263, 293, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310
Vitelline
envelope , 61, 244, 309, 310
membrane , 145, 244, 291, 293, 295, 297
Vitellogenesis , 17–22, 31, 38–41, 44, 45, 51–55, 59, 60, 62, 74, 244,
245, 257, 271, 290–293, 297, 300, 304, 308–313
Viviparity , xxii, 5, 57, 68, 150, 163, 249–250, 252, 253, 263, 270, 272,
301, 308
Viviparous , xiv, xxii, 3–5, 47, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 115, 144, 244,
246, 249, 261, 294, 295, 300
W
Water currents
centrifugal , 6
exhalant , 6
Y
Yolk
granules , 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 37–40, 42, 44, 45, 49, 54–56, 77, 79,
80, 102, 240, 244, 245, 287, 292, 295, 304, 310
precursors , 17, 48, 310, 311
Z
Zooeciules , 65, 98
Zooid
bud , 2, 37, 62, 135, 140, 141, 159, 294
cavity , 12, 21, 22, 43, 45, 50, 53, 57, 59, 60, 162, 255, 285, 288,
290–296, 298, 299, 303–306, 310
daughter , 117–126, 132, 135, 152, 157, 160, 269
distal , xx, 63, 64, 78, 79, 82, 89–91, 94–96, 99, 117–123, 127–141,
148, 150–152, 154–157, 159–160, 163–165, 172–177,
180–182, 184–193, 195–203, 211, 215–217, 255, 258, 262,
289, 306, 308
distolateral , 139, 158
egg-producing , 47, 63, 115, 149, 157
female , 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 47, 60, 62–66, 97, 98, 105, 124, 145,
162, 241. 242. 253. 258, 285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 299–301,
306, 308, 309, 311
fertile , xx, 2, 5, 6, 11, 17–19, 49, 50, 60, 64–66, 69, 74, 89, 93,
104, 118, 122, 128, 146, 204, 236, 237, 239, 240, 250, 251,
260, 289, 290, 295, 301, 309
gonochoristic , 2, 6, 10–12, 289, 290, 293, 296, 301,
304, 308
hermaphrodite , 2, 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 42, 64, 87, 104, 286, 288,
289, 291–303, 305, 309
male , 6, 9–11, 15, 16, 65, 66, 285, 290, 296, 301, 305, 306,
308, 311
maternal , 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 40–45, 47, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 78, 79, 82,
89–91, 95, 96, 99–102, 117–120, 122, 123, 125–130, 133, 134,
136, 139, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 158–160, 162–168,
173–177, 179–182, 184–193, 195–201, 204, 207, 211–214,
237, 250, 251, 256–258, 260, 261, 269, 289, 290, 294, 298,
301–303, 305, 308, 310, 311, 314
Subject Index
polymorphism , xxiii, 4, 63–66, 251, 266
structure of colonies , xxiii, 5–13, 15–16
Skeleton , xviii, 119, 125, 128, 129, 148, 261, 266
Spawning , xiii, 6, 11, 17, 18, 50, 60, 66–69, 71, 73, 74, 233, 252, 255,
258, 272, 284, 305, 307
Speciation , xiv, xxi, xxii, 266–268
Sperm
alien , 21, 60, 68, 244, 257, 290, 293, 300–302, 304, 311
attractants , 61, 62
capture , 12, 62, 74
head , 21, 23–25, 38, 47, 59–61, 77, 81–83, 85, 87, 96, 97, 104,
300, 303, 309, 310, 313
mortality , 244
release , xviii, 11, 12, 60, 61, 65, 67–69, 285, 286, 300, 305, 311
removal , 6
storage , 244
survival , 244
Spermatids , 13
Spermatocyte , 13
Spermatogenesis , 3, 4, 13, 103, 290, 292, 294, 295, 297, 304, 308,
310, 311
Spermatogenic tissue , 5, 10, 11, 13–16, 65, 66, 87, 89, 103, 104,
287–290, 292, 293, 295, 297–299, 301–305, 309–312, 314
Spermatogonia , 4, 13, 287, 309
Spermatozeugmata , 3, 60, 289, 294, 297, 300, 306, 310, 312, 313
Spermatozoid , 12, 13, 15, 59, 61, 67, 74, 244, 285–290, 293, 294, 297,
298, 300, 301, 305, 306, 313
Spermcasting , 252
Spines
articulated , 151, 152, 330
inarticulated , 131, 147
kenozooidal , 329
mural , 15, 103, 124, 125, 147, 151, 152, 154, 155, 206, 255,
258, 329
non-articulated , 151, 154, 329
oral , 89, 92, 118–120, 133, 146, 147, 149, 150, 154, 167, 168, 171,
172, 176, 181, 184, 185, 191, 196, 199–201, 212, 329
periopesial , 150, 154
Spinocyst , 150, 153, 155, 156, 184, 185, 220, 267, 329
Statoblasts , xviii, 1, 4, 68, 116, 287
Stomach , xx, 3, 286, 287, 293, 294
Subovarian space , 17–19, 51, 74, 301, 310
Supraneural coelomopore (SNP) , xxi, 4, 47, 62, 66–74, 293, 298,
304, 311
Suspension-feeders , xviii
Synecium , 146
Syngamy , xiii, 5, 21, 47, 52, 59–61, 74, 244, 257, 271, 300, 301,
310, 313
T
Tentacle(s)
dorso-medial , 3, 60, 62, 66–68
non-ciliated , 65, 306
sheath , 22, 62, 63, 75, 105, 119, 121, 149, 202, 260, 262,
270, 286, 289, 290, 292, 294, 296–299, 302–304, 311,
312, 314
wall , 68
Tentacular
coelom, xxi,
crown , xx, xxi
Terminal sphincter muscle , 67
Tertiary , 249, 272
Testis , xx, 1, 2, 13, 286–289, 292, 293, 295, 298, 302, 304,
305, 308
Thanetian , 330
Totipotent cells , 4, 13, 20, 299
Triassic , xviii, xix, xxii, 270, 271
Trochophore , 235
Turonian , 266
V
Vacuole , 19–21, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 54, 58, 83, 93, 95, 292
pinocytotic , 54
Vestibulum , 62, 82, 121, 128, 137, 145, 146, 149, 150, 162, 182, 202,
235, 258, 260, 261, 263, 293, 299, 301, 302, 304, 310
Vitelline
envelope , 61, 244, 309, 310
membrane , 145, 244, 291, 293, 295, 297
Vitellogenesis , 17–22, 31, 38–41, 44, 45, 51–55, 59, 60, 62, 74, 244,
245, 257, 271, 290–293, 297, 300, 304, 308–313
Viviparity , xxii, 5, 57, 68, 150, 163, 249–250, 252, 253, 263, 270, 272,
301, 308
Viviparous , xiv, xxii, 3–5, 47, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 64, 115, 144, 244,
246, 249, 261, 294, 295, 300
W
Water currents
centrifugal , 6
exhalant , 6
Y
Yolk
granules , 17, 18, 21, 22, 34, 37–40, 42, 44, 45, 49, 54–56, 77, 79,
80, 102, 240, 244, 245, 287, 292, 295, 304, 310
precursors , 17, 48, 310, 311
Z
Zooeciules , 65, 98
Zooid
bud , 2, 37, 62, 135, 140, 141, 159, 294
cavity , 12, 21, 22, 43, 45, 50, 53, 57, 59, 60, 162, 255, 285, 288,
290–296, 298, 299, 303–306, 310
daughter , 117–126, 132, 135, 152, 157, 160, 269
distal , xx, 63, 64, 78, 79, 82, 89–91, 94–96, 99, 117–123, 127–141,
148, 150–152, 154–157, 159–160, 163–165, 172–177,
180–182, 184–193, 195–203, 211, 215–217, 255, 258, 262,
289, 306, 308
distolateral , 139, 158
egg-producing , 47, 63, 115, 149, 157
female , 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 47, 60, 62–66, 97, 98, 105, 124, 145,
162, 241. 242. 253. 258, 285, 288, 289, 291, 292, 299–301,
306, 308, 309, 311
fertile , xx, 2, 5, 6, 11, 17–19, 49, 50, 60, 64–66, 69, 74, 89, 93,
104, 118, 122, 128, 146, 204, 236, 237, 239, 240, 250, 251,
260, 289, 290, 295, 301, 309
gonochoristic , 2, 6, 10–12, 289, 290, 293, 296, 301,
304, 308
hermaphrodite , 2, 3, 5, 6, 9–12, 15, 16, 42, 64, 87, 104, 286, 288,
289, 291–303, 305, 309
male , 6, 9–11, 15, 16, 65, 66, 285, 290, 296, 301, 305, 306,
308, 311
maternal , 2, 5, 9, 16, 18, 40–45, 47, 57, 59, 61, 63, 67, 78, 79, 82,
89–91, 95, 96, 99–102, 117–120, 122, 123, 125–130, 133, 134,
136, 139, 146, 147, 150, 151, 154, 158–160, 162–168,
173–177, 179–182, 184–193, 195–201, 204, 207, 211–214,
237, 250, 251, 256–258, 260, 261, 269, 289, 290, 294, 298,
301–303, 305, 308, 310, 311, 314
Subject Index