354
Oviparous , 4, 72, 294, 295, 300, 314
Oviposition , xxiii, 3, 4, 18, 40, 53, 60–65, 68, 71, 72, 116–118,
135–137, 145, 147, 149, 157, 242, 245, 250, 255, 256, 258,
261, 262, 283, 288–293, 296–299, 302, 303, 305, 307–309,
311–314
Ovipositor , 69, 71, 72
Ovulation
precocious , 245
synchronous , 22, 38, 39, 50, 52, 53, 240
P
Paleocene , 249, 267, 330
Paleozoic , xix, xxii, 262, 266, 270
Paraphyletic , xvii, xxi, 73, 237, 263
Parasite , 40, 88, 285, 286, 314, 315
Parental care, xiii–xv, xix, xxi–xxiii, 56, 58, 124, 149, 166, 250,
252–257, 261–263, 269, 271, 307
Parietal musculature (muscles) , xx, xxi, 62, 63, 65, 103, 105, 134, 147,
163, 258, 291, 300
Parietal peritoneum , 17
Perinuclear cytoplasmic zone , 21
Peripharyngeal canal , xxi
Peristome , 65, 130, 139, 163, 164, 192, 193, 270
Peritoneum , xxi, 2, 17, 42, 54, 73, 74, 294, 304, 309, 310,
312, 313
Permian , xix, 271
Phagocytosis , 37, 56, 59
Pharynx , xx, xxi, 288
Phytoplankton , xviii, 230, 265–268
Pinocytosis , 54, 58, 59, 306, 309–311
Placental
analogue , xxiii, 3, 40, 42, 43, 46, 51, 56–58, 89–91, 93–102, 122,
190, 195, 229, 245–247, 249–252, 260, 264, 267, 269, 271,
286, 292, 299, 306, 314
nutrition , 3, 150, 250, 296, 307, 310
Placentotrophy , xiii, 56, 245–252
Planktotrophy
facultative , 231, 233, 235, 241
loss , 230, 265, 269
Pleistocene , 151, 254, 329
Poecilogony , 232
Polar bodies , 3, 40, 60, 293, 295, 297, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307
Polyembryony , 5, 64, 251, 270, 271
Polymorph
female , 43, 62, 64, 65, 105, 146, 314
male , 65
Polyphyletic , xix, 73, 157, 166, 270
Polypide
bud , 3, 4, 13, 17, 20, 22, 37, 44, 48, 49, 73, 80, 82, 149, 288–291,
295, 298, 299, 304, 308, 310, 313
degeneration , 11, 12, 20, 52, 62, 63, 67, 244, 261, 270,
285, 287, 291, 292, 295, 299, 301, 302, 304, 308, 311, 313
developing , 2, 3, 20, 48, 49, 73, 80, 289–291, 294, 299, 312
dimorphic , 65
dwarf , 63, 65, 296
functioning , 20, 21, 42, 62, 250, 312
heteromorphic , 65, 306
male , 65, 300, 306
non-feeding , 63
protrusible , 63, 64
protrusion , 130
recycling , 11, 20, 53, 59, 63, 74, 134, 150, 237, 249, 250, 290,
293, 296, 304, 311
regeneration , 3, 20, 53, 250, 298, 304
retractor muscle , xx, 65, 105
rudimentary , 62, 63, 65, 97, 105, 300
Polyspermy , 3, 59, 60, 297, 301
Population , xiv, xv, xx, xxii, 6, 12, 13, 44, 50, 148, 149, 231, 247, 248,
257, 265, 267
Pore
communication , xx, 62, 118–123, 125, 126, 128, 132–134,
136–141, 146, 151, 156, 157, 164, 165, 173, 174, 179–182,
186, 189, 196–198, 201, 207, 290, 311, 329
interzooidal , 54
plate , xx, 17, 146, 151, 165
septular , 125
terminal , 4, 12, 60, 68, 304, 305, 312
vestibular , 4
Pore-cell complex , xxi, 62, 123–126, 128, 133, 134, 136–140, 146,
151, 182
Pore chamber
basal , 100, 105, 159, 173, 191, 329, 330
mural , xx
Position of gonads , xxiii, 13–17, 292, 295
Post-metamorphic performance , 268
Precambrian , xviii
Predation , 43, 164, 230, 265–267
Primordial germ cells (PGC) , 4, 13, 20, 49, 73, 299
Protandrous phase , 10, 11
Protandry , 11, 300, 303
Protogynous phase , 10
Protogyny , 11, 60, 291, 297, 309
Pseudopores , 64, 105, 126, 128, 139, 140, 158, 185, 197,
198, 221
R
Rectum , xx, 235
Reduction bodies , 3
Reproductive
pattern I , 5, 17–18, 48, 67, 235, 240, 243, 245, 252, 254, 259, 262
pattern II , 5, 18–41, 44, 45, 53, 63, 233, 244, 252, 255, 256, 260,
264, 270, 313
pattern III , 5, 40–43, 45, 51, 260, 261, 313
pattern IV , 43–47, 246, 259, 261, 263
pattern V , 47, 249
pattern VI , 5, 270
period , 11, 20, 65, 67, 149, 236, 237, 259, 265, 286
season , 6, 10, 11, 236, 237, 239, 240, 297, 307, 308
strategy , xiii–xv, xxii, xxiii, 245, 308, 311
Resource allocation , xiii
Retractor muscle , xx, xxi, 65, 105, 122
Ribosomes , 54, 55, 245, 309
RNA , xxiii, 21, 48, 52, 55, 244, 245
R-strategy , xxi, 5, 159
Rudimentary intestine , xxi
S
Santonian , 156, 163, 266
Secondary calcifi cation , 128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160,
161, 197
Secretory vesicles , 58
Self-fertilization
intracolonial , 12, 13, 291, 297, 303, 312
intrazooidal , 2, 3, 12, 60, 286, 292, 295
Septulum , xx
Setigerous collar , 149, 165
Sexual
differentiation , 6, 11
dimorphism , 5, 7–10, 19, 64, 250
glands , 16
polymorph , 65, 272, 300
Subject Index
Oviparous , 4, 72, 294, 295, 300, 314
Oviposition , xxiii, 3, 4, 18, 40, 53, 60–65, 68, 71, 72, 116–118,
135–137, 145, 147, 149, 157, 242, 245, 250, 255, 256, 258,
261, 262, 283, 288–293, 296–299, 302, 303, 305, 307–309,
311–314
Ovipositor , 69, 71, 72
Ovulation
precocious , 245
synchronous , 22, 38, 39, 50, 52, 53, 240
P
Paleocene , 249, 267, 330
Paleozoic , xix, xxii, 262, 266, 270
Paraphyletic , xvii, xxi, 73, 237, 263
Parasite , 40, 88, 285, 286, 314, 315
Parental care, xiii–xv, xix, xxi–xxiii, 56, 58, 124, 149, 166, 250,
252–257, 261–263, 269, 271, 307
Parietal musculature (muscles) , xx, xxi, 62, 63, 65, 103, 105, 134, 147,
163, 258, 291, 300
Parietal peritoneum , 17
Perinuclear cytoplasmic zone , 21
Peripharyngeal canal , xxi
Peristome , 65, 130, 139, 163, 164, 192, 193, 270
Peritoneum , xxi, 2, 17, 42, 54, 73, 74, 294, 304, 309, 310,
312, 313
Permian , xix, 271
Phagocytosis , 37, 56, 59
Pharynx , xx, xxi, 288
Phytoplankton , xviii, 230, 265–268
Pinocytosis , 54, 58, 59, 306, 309–311
Placental
analogue , xxiii, 3, 40, 42, 43, 46, 51, 56–58, 89–91, 93–102, 122,
190, 195, 229, 245–247, 249–252, 260, 264, 267, 269, 271,
286, 292, 299, 306, 314
nutrition , 3, 150, 250, 296, 307, 310
Placentotrophy , xiii, 56, 245–252
Planktotrophy
facultative , 231, 233, 235, 241
loss , 230, 265, 269
Pleistocene , 151, 254, 329
Poecilogony , 232
Polar bodies , 3, 40, 60, 293, 295, 297, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307
Polyembryony , 5, 64, 251, 270, 271
Polymorph
female , 43, 62, 64, 65, 105, 146, 314
male , 65
Polyphyletic , xix, 73, 157, 166, 270
Polypide
bud , 3, 4, 13, 17, 20, 22, 37, 44, 48, 49, 73, 80, 82, 149, 288–291,
295, 298, 299, 304, 308, 310, 313
degeneration , 11, 12, 20, 52, 62, 63, 67, 244, 261, 270,
285, 287, 291, 292, 295, 299, 301, 302, 304, 308, 311, 313
developing , 2, 3, 20, 48, 49, 73, 80, 289–291, 294, 299, 312
dimorphic , 65
dwarf , 63, 65, 296
functioning , 20, 21, 42, 62, 250, 312
heteromorphic , 65, 306
male , 65, 300, 306
non-feeding , 63
protrusible , 63, 64
protrusion , 130
recycling , 11, 20, 53, 59, 63, 74, 134, 150, 237, 249, 250, 290,
293, 296, 304, 311
regeneration , 3, 20, 53, 250, 298, 304
retractor muscle , xx, 65, 105
rudimentary , 62, 63, 65, 97, 105, 300
Polyspermy , 3, 59, 60, 297, 301
Population , xiv, xv, xx, xxii, 6, 12, 13, 44, 50, 148, 149, 231, 247, 248,
257, 265, 267
Pore
communication , xx, 62, 118–123, 125, 126, 128, 132–134,
136–141, 146, 151, 156, 157, 164, 165, 173, 174, 179–182,
186, 189, 196–198, 201, 207, 290, 311, 329
interzooidal , 54
plate , xx, 17, 146, 151, 165
septular , 125
terminal , 4, 12, 60, 68, 304, 305, 312
vestibular , 4
Pore-cell complex , xxi, 62, 123–126, 128, 133, 134, 136–140, 146,
151, 182
Pore chamber
basal , 100, 105, 159, 173, 191, 329, 330
mural , xx
Position of gonads , xxiii, 13–17, 292, 295
Post-metamorphic performance , 268
Precambrian , xviii
Predation , 43, 164, 230, 265–267
Primordial germ cells (PGC) , 4, 13, 20, 49, 73, 299
Protandrous phase , 10, 11
Protandry , 11, 300, 303
Protogynous phase , 10
Protogyny , 11, 60, 291, 297, 309
Pseudopores , 64, 105, 126, 128, 139, 140, 158, 185, 197,
198, 221
R
Rectum , xx, 235
Reduction bodies , 3
Reproductive
pattern I , 5, 17–18, 48, 67, 235, 240, 243, 245, 252, 254, 259, 262
pattern II , 5, 18–41, 44, 45, 53, 63, 233, 244, 252, 255, 256, 260,
264, 270, 313
pattern III , 5, 40–43, 45, 51, 260, 261, 313
pattern IV , 43–47, 246, 259, 261, 263
pattern V , 47, 249
pattern VI , 5, 270
period , 11, 20, 65, 67, 149, 236, 237, 259, 265, 286
season , 6, 10, 11, 236, 237, 239, 240, 297, 307, 308
strategy , xiii–xv, xxii, xxiii, 245, 308, 311
Resource allocation , xiii
Retractor muscle , xx, xxi, 65, 105, 122
Ribosomes , 54, 55, 245, 309
RNA , xxiii, 21, 48, 52, 55, 244, 245
R-strategy , xxi, 5, 159
Rudimentary intestine , xxi
S
Santonian , 156, 163, 266
Secondary calcifi cation , 128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 154, 156, 158, 160,
161, 197
Secretory vesicles , 58
Self-fertilization
intracolonial , 12, 13, 291, 297, 303, 312
intrazooidal , 2, 3, 12, 60, 286, 292, 295
Septulum , xx
Setigerous collar , 149, 165
Sexual
differentiation , 6, 11
dimorphism , 5, 7–10, 19, 64, 250
glands , 16
polymorph , 65, 272, 300
Subject Index