330
present or absent. Articulated oral spins typically present.
Ovicells hyperstomial, cleithral, simultaneously incubating
two to four embryos ( Monoporella, Macropora ). Ooecium
constructed either from basally articulated spines
( Stichomicropora ) or costae ( Stichomicropora, Monoporella,
Macropora ), formed from distal autozooid or kenozooid. In
Monoporella and Macropora costae are partially or totally
embedded into cryptocystal matrix covered by membranous
wall with hypostegal coelom underneath. In Stichomicropora
and Monoporella ovicell has two lateral foramina. Vicarious
avicularia present in Stichomicropora and Macropora . Basal
pore chambers present. Ancestrula autozooidal.
Time range : Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) – Recent.
Remarks . The superfamily includes the families
Monoporellidae ( Stichomicropora, Monoporella ) and
Macroporidae ( Macropora ). Stichomicropora shares a primitive ooecium of articulated spines with calloporids of the
same age (Cenomanian) that can be considered as an ancestral group. The earliest species of Monoporella is known
from Maastrichtian when Stichomicropora became extinct.
Both genera share a comb- or arch-like positioning of the
ovicell spines/costae lateral ovicell foramina. Macropora
evolved in the Thanetian (Late Paleocene), and, together
with Monoporella , survived to the present day. In contrast
with the latter genus, Macropora has a horse-shoe positioning of ovicell costae.
References
Abbott MB (1973) Seasonal diversity and density in bryozoan populations of Block Island Sound (New York, U.S.A.). In: Larwood GP
(ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent advances in research.
Academic Press, London, pp 593–599
Abbott MB (1975) Relationship of temperature to patterns of sexual
reproduction in some Recent encrusting Cheilostomata. In:
Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon HS
3(1):37–50
Allen RM, Buckley YM, Marshall DJ (2008) Offspring size plasticity in
response to intraspecifi c competition: an adaptive maternal effect
across life-history stages. Am Nat 171(2):225–237
Allman G (1856) A monograph of the fresh-water Polyzoa, including
all the known species, both British and foreign. Ray Society, London
Banta WC (1968) Mimosella cookae , new species (Bryozoa,
Ctenostomata) with a review of the family Mimosellidae. Bull So
Calif Acad Sci 67:245–254
Banta WC (1969) Uscia mexicana , new genus, new species, a watersiporid bryozoan with dimorphic autozoids. Bull So Calif Acad Sci
68:30–35
Barnes DKA, Clarke A (1998) Seasonality of polypide recycling and
sexual reproduction in some erect Antarctic bryozoans. Mar Biol
131:647–658
Barrois J (1877) Recherches sur l’embryologie des Bryozoaires. Trav
St Zool Wimereux 1:1–305
Bassler RS (1953) Bryozoa. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate
paleontology. Part G. The University of Kansas Press for the
Geological Society of America, Lawrence, pp 1–253
Basteri J (1762) Opuscula subseciva. J Bosch, Harlem
Bishop JDD, Manríquez PH, Hughes RN (2000) Water-borne sperm
trigger vitellogenic egg growth in two sessile marine invertebrates.
Proc R Soc B 267:1165–1169
Bobin G, Prenant M (1954) Sur un Bryozoaire perforant, Terebripora
comma (Soule), trouvé en Mediterranée. Arch Zool Exp Gen
91:130–144
Bobin G, Prenant M (1957) Les cellules cystidiennes et les phénomènes
d’histolyse et de phagocytose chez Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.)
(Bryozoaire Cténostome). Bull Biol France Belg 49:205–224
Bock PE, Cook PL (1998) Otionellidae, a new family including fi ve
genera of free-living lunulitiform Bryozoa (Cheilostomatida). Mem
Sci Geol 50:195–211
Bonnevie K (1906) Physiologische Polyspermie. Arch Math Naturvid
27(13):275–289
Bonnevie K (1907) Untersuchungen über Keimzellen. II. Physiologische
Polyspermie bei Bryozoen. Jen Z Naturwis 42, NF 35:567–598
Borg F (1947) Zur Kenntnis der Ökologie und des Lebenszyklus von
Electra crustulenta . Zool Bid Uppsala 25:344–377
Braem F (1896) Die geschlechtlische Entwicklung von Paludicella
ehrenbergii . Zool Anz 19(493):54–57
Braem F (1908a) Die Spermatozoen der Süβwasser-Bryozoen. Zool
Anz 32:671–673
Braem F (1908b) Die Spermatozoen von Paludicella und Triticella .
Zool Anz 33(11):380–381
Braem F (1940) Victorella sibogae Harmer. Z Morphol Okol Tiere
36:267–278
Braem F (1951) Über Victorella und einige ihrer nächsten Vermandten,
sowie über die Bryozoenfauna des Rysk bei Greifswald. Zoologica
Stuttgart 102(37):1–59
Braiko VB (1967) Biology of reproduction of Membranipora zostericola Nordm. (Bryozoa). Zool Zhurn 46:1119–1121 [in Russian]
Brien P (1960) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Grassé P-P (ed) Traité de
zoologie. Paris, Masson 5(2):1053–1379
Bronn HG (1862) Moostierchen: Bryozoa Ehrb. (Bryacephala). In: Die
Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. CF Winter’sche
Verlagshandlung, Leipzig/Heidelberg
Brown DA (1952) The Tertiary cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New
Zealand. Trustees of British Museum (Natural History), London
Bullivant JS (1967) Release of sperm by Bryozoa. Ophelia 4:
139–142
Burgess SC, Hart SP, Marshall DJ (2009) Pre-settlement behavior in
larval bryozoans: the role of larval age and size. Biol Bull
216:344–354
Busk G (1852) An account of the Polyzoa and sertularian zoophytes
collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake on the coasts of Australia
and Louisiade Archipelago. In: MacGillivray J (ed) Narrative of the
voyage H.M.S. Rattlesnake commanded by the late Captain Owen
Stanley, during the years 1846–1850. T and W Boone, London, pp
343–402
Busk G (1859) A monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Crag.
Palaeontological Society, London
Busk G (1884) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger
during the years 1873–1876. Rep Sci Res Voy HMS Challenger
1873–1876, Zool 10(30):1–216
Cadman PS, Ryland JS (1996) The characters, reproduction, and
growth of Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 (Ctenostomatida). In:
Gordon DP, Smith AM, Grant-Mackie JA (eds) Bryozoans in space
and time. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,
Wellington, pp 237–242
Calvet L (1900) Contribution à l’histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires
Ectoproctes marins. Trav Inst Zool Univ Montp NS 8:1–488
Cancino JM (1986) Marine macroalgae as a substratum for sessile
invertebrates: a study of Celleporella hyalina (Bryozoa) on
fronds of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta). Monogr Biol
4:279–308
Appendices
present or absent. Articulated oral spins typically present.
Ovicells hyperstomial, cleithral, simultaneously incubating
two to four embryos ( Monoporella, Macropora ). Ooecium
constructed either from basally articulated spines
( Stichomicropora ) or costae ( Stichomicropora, Monoporella,
Macropora ), formed from distal autozooid or kenozooid. In
Monoporella and Macropora costae are partially or totally
embedded into cryptocystal matrix covered by membranous
wall with hypostegal coelom underneath. In Stichomicropora
and Monoporella ovicell has two lateral foramina. Vicarious
avicularia present in Stichomicropora and Macropora . Basal
pore chambers present. Ancestrula autozooidal.
Time range : Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) – Recent.
Remarks . The superfamily includes the families
Monoporellidae ( Stichomicropora, Monoporella ) and
Macroporidae ( Macropora ). Stichomicropora shares a primitive ooecium of articulated spines with calloporids of the
same age (Cenomanian) that can be considered as an ancestral group. The earliest species of Monoporella is known
from Maastrichtian when Stichomicropora became extinct.
Both genera share a comb- or arch-like positioning of the
ovicell spines/costae lateral ovicell foramina. Macropora
evolved in the Thanetian (Late Paleocene), and, together
with Monoporella , survived to the present day. In contrast
with the latter genus, Macropora has a horse-shoe positioning of ovicell costae.
References
Abbott MB (1973) Seasonal diversity and density in bryozoan populations of Block Island Sound (New York, U.S.A.). In: Larwood GP
(ed) Living and fossil Bryozoa: recent advances in research.
Academic Press, London, pp 593–599
Abbott MB (1975) Relationship of temperature to patterns of sexual
reproduction in some Recent encrusting Cheilostomata. In:
Pouyet S (ed) Bryozoa 1974. Doc Lab Geol Fac Sci Lyon HS
3(1):37–50
Allen RM, Buckley YM, Marshall DJ (2008) Offspring size plasticity in
response to intraspecifi c competition: an adaptive maternal effect
across life-history stages. Am Nat 171(2):225–237
Allman G (1856) A monograph of the fresh-water Polyzoa, including
all the known species, both British and foreign. Ray Society, London
Banta WC (1968) Mimosella cookae , new species (Bryozoa,
Ctenostomata) with a review of the family Mimosellidae. Bull So
Calif Acad Sci 67:245–254
Banta WC (1969) Uscia mexicana , new genus, new species, a watersiporid bryozoan with dimorphic autozoids. Bull So Calif Acad Sci
68:30–35
Barnes DKA, Clarke A (1998) Seasonality of polypide recycling and
sexual reproduction in some erect Antarctic bryozoans. Mar Biol
131:647–658
Barrois J (1877) Recherches sur l’embryologie des Bryozoaires. Trav
St Zool Wimereux 1:1–305
Bassler RS (1953) Bryozoa. In: Moore RC (ed) Treatise on invertebrate
paleontology. Part G. The University of Kansas Press for the
Geological Society of America, Lawrence, pp 1–253
Basteri J (1762) Opuscula subseciva. J Bosch, Harlem
Bishop JDD, Manríquez PH, Hughes RN (2000) Water-borne sperm
trigger vitellogenic egg growth in two sessile marine invertebrates.
Proc R Soc B 267:1165–1169
Bobin G, Prenant M (1954) Sur un Bryozoaire perforant, Terebripora
comma (Soule), trouvé en Mediterranée. Arch Zool Exp Gen
91:130–144
Bobin G, Prenant M (1957) Les cellules cystidiennes et les phénomènes
d’histolyse et de phagocytose chez Alcyonidium gelatinosum (L.)
(Bryozoaire Cténostome). Bull Biol France Belg 49:205–224
Bock PE, Cook PL (1998) Otionellidae, a new family including fi ve
genera of free-living lunulitiform Bryozoa (Cheilostomatida). Mem
Sci Geol 50:195–211
Bonnevie K (1906) Physiologische Polyspermie. Arch Math Naturvid
27(13):275–289
Bonnevie K (1907) Untersuchungen über Keimzellen. II. Physiologische
Polyspermie bei Bryozoen. Jen Z Naturwis 42, NF 35:567–598
Borg F (1947) Zur Kenntnis der Ökologie und des Lebenszyklus von
Electra crustulenta . Zool Bid Uppsala 25:344–377
Braem F (1896) Die geschlechtlische Entwicklung von Paludicella
ehrenbergii . Zool Anz 19(493):54–57
Braem F (1908a) Die Spermatozoen der Süβwasser-Bryozoen. Zool
Anz 32:671–673
Braem F (1908b) Die Spermatozoen von Paludicella und Triticella .
Zool Anz 33(11):380–381
Braem F (1940) Victorella sibogae Harmer. Z Morphol Okol Tiere
36:267–278
Braem F (1951) Über Victorella und einige ihrer nächsten Vermandten,
sowie über die Bryozoenfauna des Rysk bei Greifswald. Zoologica
Stuttgart 102(37):1–59
Braiko VB (1967) Biology of reproduction of Membranipora zostericola Nordm. (Bryozoa). Zool Zhurn 46:1119–1121 [in Russian]
Brien P (1960) Classe des Bryozoaires. In: Grassé P-P (ed) Traité de
zoologie. Paris, Masson 5(2):1053–1379
Bronn HG (1862) Moostierchen: Bryozoa Ehrb. (Bryacephala). In: Die
Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere (Malacozoa), wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. CF Winter’sche
Verlagshandlung, Leipzig/Heidelberg
Brown DA (1952) The Tertiary cheilostomatous Polyzoa of New
Zealand. Trustees of British Museum (Natural History), London
Bullivant JS (1967) Release of sperm by Bryozoa. Ophelia 4:
139–142
Burgess SC, Hart SP, Marshall DJ (2009) Pre-settlement behavior in
larval bryozoans: the role of larval age and size. Biol Bull
216:344–354
Busk G (1852) An account of the Polyzoa and sertularian zoophytes
collected in the voyage of the Rattlesnake on the coasts of Australia
and Louisiade Archipelago. In: MacGillivray J (ed) Narrative of the
voyage H.M.S. Rattlesnake commanded by the late Captain Owen
Stanley, during the years 1846–1850. T and W Boone, London, pp
343–402
Busk G (1859) A monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Crag.
Palaeontological Society, London
Busk G (1884) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger
during the years 1873–1876. Rep Sci Res Voy HMS Challenger
1873–1876, Zool 10(30):1–216
Cadman PS, Ryland JS (1996) The characters, reproduction, and
growth of Alcyonidium mytili Dalyell, 1848 (Ctenostomatida). In:
Gordon DP, Smith AM, Grant-Mackie JA (eds) Bryozoans in space
and time. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research,
Wellington, pp 237–242
Calvet L (1900) Contribution à l’histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires
Ectoproctes marins. Trav Inst Zool Univ Montp NS 8:1–488
Cancino JM (1986) Marine macroalgae as a substratum for sessile
invertebrates: a study of Celleporella hyalina (Bryozoa) on
fronds of Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta). Monogr Biol
4:279–308
Appendices