238
Table 3.2 The main parameters of oogenesis and brooding in species of Ctenostomata (based on literature data)
Broadcasters
Species
Number of oocytes
(ovarian + ovulated)
Size of mature ovarian
oocyte (μm)
References
Alcyonidium fl abelliforme
>60
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium sp.
Up to 60 (ovulated oocytes – up
to 15 – have irregular shape)
91.0
Temkin ( 1996 )
Alcyonidium australe
Many small eggs
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Hypophorella expansa
Up to 30
64.0
Ehlers ( 1876 )
5 + 2 (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Prouho ( 1892 )
6
Prenant and Bobin ( 1956 )
Alcyonidium mytili
14*
Silbermann ( 1906 )
Up to 20
<80.0
Cadman and Ryland ( 1996 )
Alcyonidium nodosum
20
~60.0
Ryland ( 2001 )
Victorella pavida
~20
Kraepelin ( 1887 )
Up to 19 (5–6 ripe) (ovulated
oocytes have irregular shape)
40.0
Braem ( 1951 )
Alcyonidium albidum
18 + 3 (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Prouho ( 1892 )
Farrella repens
9–18
van Beneden ( 1844 )
~45 (8 ripe)
Joliet ( 1877 )
2–10 ripe (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
25.0
Marcus ( 1926a , b )
Alcyonidium condylocinereum
15*
18.0 (early)
Porter ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium epispiculum
~15*
15.0 (early)
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium cellarioides
9–10* (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Calvet ( 1900 )
Alcyonidium hydrocoalitum
7*
24.0 (early)
Porter ( 2004 )
Victorella pseudoarachnidia
>4
50.0
Jebram and Everitt ( 1982 )
Cryptoarachnidium argilla (broadcaster?)
5–6
30.0
Banta ( 1967 )
Brooders
Species
Number of oocytes
(ovarian + ovulated) and
incubated embryos
Size of mature ovarian
oocyte or embryo
(μm)
References
Labiostomella gisleni
>100 (about 10 ovulated eggs of
irregular shape)
70.0
Silén ( 1944 )
1 embryo (matrotrophy)
Nolela dilatata
>90 (many tens)*
Calvet ( 1900 )
1–3 embryos (matrotrophy)
Prouho ( 1892 )
Triticella fl ava
Up to 60 ovulated
65.0
Ström ( 1969 )
2–20 embryos
Paludicella articulata
~43
Allman ( 1856 )
4 + 4
Kraepelin ( 1887 )
1 embryo
140.0 × 80.0
Braem ( 1896 )
Potsiella erecta
>20 (4 ripe) (+1–2 embryos)
160.0
Smith et al. ( 2003 )
Alcyonidium duplex
7–11
Prouho ( 1892 )
6–8 embryos
3–7 embryos
~100.0
Prenant and Bobin ( 1956 )
4 (+3 embryos)
11 (+4 embryos)
Tanganella muelleri
5 (+3 embryos)
80.0–90.0
Braem ( 1951 )
10 (+2 embryos)
19 (+1 embryo)
Tanganella appendiculata
~13 (+3 embryos)
95.0
Jebram and Everitt ( 1982 )
Up to 6 embryos
(continued)
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata
Table 3.2 The main parameters of oogenesis and brooding in species of Ctenostomata (based on literature data)
Broadcasters
Species
Number of oocytes
(ovarian + ovulated)
Size of mature ovarian
oocyte (μm)
References
Alcyonidium fl abelliforme
>60
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium sp.
Up to 60 (ovulated oocytes – up
to 15 – have irregular shape)
91.0
Temkin ( 1996 )
Alcyonidium australe
Many small eggs
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Hypophorella expansa
Up to 30
64.0
Ehlers ( 1876 )
5 + 2 (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Prouho ( 1892 )
6
Prenant and Bobin ( 1956 )
Alcyonidium mytili
14*
Silbermann ( 1906 )
Up to 20
<80.0
Cadman and Ryland ( 1996 )
Alcyonidium nodosum
20
~60.0
Ryland ( 2001 )
Victorella pavida
~20
Kraepelin ( 1887 )
Up to 19 (5–6 ripe) (ovulated
oocytes have irregular shape)
40.0
Braem ( 1951 )
Alcyonidium albidum
18 + 3 (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Prouho ( 1892 )
Farrella repens
9–18
van Beneden ( 1844 )
~45 (8 ripe)
Joliet ( 1877 )
2–10 ripe (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
25.0
Marcus ( 1926a , b )
Alcyonidium condylocinereum
15*
18.0 (early)
Porter ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium epispiculum
~15*
15.0 (early)
Porter and Hayward ( 2004 )
Alcyonidium cellarioides
9–10* (ovulated oocytes have
irregular shape)
Calvet ( 1900 )
Alcyonidium hydrocoalitum
7*
24.0 (early)
Porter ( 2004 )
Victorella pseudoarachnidia
>4
50.0
Jebram and Everitt ( 1982 )
Cryptoarachnidium argilla (broadcaster?)
5–6
30.0
Banta ( 1967 )
Brooders
Species
Number of oocytes
(ovarian + ovulated) and
incubated embryos
Size of mature ovarian
oocyte or embryo
(μm)
References
Labiostomella gisleni
>100 (about 10 ovulated eggs of
irregular shape)
70.0
Silén ( 1944 )
1 embryo (matrotrophy)
Nolela dilatata
>90 (many tens)*
Calvet ( 1900 )
1–3 embryos (matrotrophy)
Prouho ( 1892 )
Triticella fl ava
Up to 60 ovulated
65.0
Ström ( 1969 )
2–20 embryos
Paludicella articulata
~43
Allman ( 1856 )
4 + 4
Kraepelin ( 1887 )
1 embryo
140.0 × 80.0
Braem ( 1896 )
Potsiella erecta
>20 (4 ripe) (+1–2 embryos)
160.0
Smith et al. ( 2003 )
Alcyonidium duplex
7–11
Prouho ( 1892 )
6–8 embryos
3–7 embryos
~100.0
Prenant and Bobin ( 1956 )
4 (+3 embryos)
11 (+4 embryos)
Tanganella muelleri
5 (+3 embryos)
80.0–90.0
Braem ( 1951 )
10 (+2 embryos)
19 (+1 embryo)
Tanganella appendiculata
~13 (+3 embryos)
95.0
Jebram and Everitt ( 1982 )
Up to 6 embryos
(continued)
3 Evolution of Reproductive Patterns in Cheilostomata