112
Shunatova NN, Ostrovsky AN (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour
and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia 86:113–142
Shunatova NN, Ostrovsky AN (2002) Group behaviour and chimneys
in marine bryozoans. Mar Biol 140(3):503–518
Silbermann S (1906) Untersuchungen über den feineren Bau von
Alcyonidium mytili . Arch Naturg 72:265–308
Silén L (1942) Origin and development of the cheilo-ctenostomatous
stem of Bryozoa. Zool Bidr Uppsala 22:1–59
Silén L (1944) The anatomy of Labiostomella gisleni Silén (Bryozoa
Protocheilostomata). Kongl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl Ser 3
21:1–111
Silén L (1945) The main features of the development of the ovum,
embryo and ooecium in the ooecioferous Bryozoa Gymnolaemata.
Ark Zool 35A(17):1–34
Silén L (1966) On the fertilization problem in gymnolaematous
Bryozoa. Ophelia 3:113–140
Silén L (1972) Fertilization in the Bryozoa. Ophelia 10(1):27–34
Silén L (1977) Polymorphism. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (eds)
Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 184–232
Smith DG, Werle SF, Klekowski EJ (2003) The anatomy and brooding
biology of Pottsiella erecta (Potts, 1884) (Ectoprocta:
Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata) with an expanded diagnosis of the
Pottsiellidae. Hydrobiologia 490:135–145
Smitt FA (1865) Om Hafs-Bryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar.
Ofvers Kongl Vetensk-Akad Forh 1:5–50
Smitt FA (1866) Kritisk Förteskning öfver Scandinaviens HafsBryozoernas. Ofvers Kongl Vetensk-Akad Forh 23:395–533
Stach LW (1938) Observation on Carbasea indivisa Busk (Bryozoa).
Proc Zool Soc Lond B 108(3):389–399
Strathmann RR (1978) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages
of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32(4):894–906
Ström R (1969) Sexual reproduction in a stoloniferous bryozoan,
Triticella koreni (G.O. Sars). Zool Bidr Uppsala 38:113–127
Ström R (1977) Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York,
pp 23–56
Taylor PD (1988) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered
by the evolution of a new larval type. Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1990) Bioimmured ctenostomes from the Jurassic and the
origin of the cheilostome Bryozoa. Palaeontology 33:19–34
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper
Jurassic of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol P-A 191:331–344
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull
187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate
bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Temkin MH (2002) The effects of increased external Ca++ and K+ concentrations on the waveform dynamics of bryozoan spermatozeugmata. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds)
Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/
Exton/Tokyo, pp 315–320
Temkin MH, Bortolami SB (2004) Waveform dynamics of spermatozeugmata during the transfer from paternal to maternal individuals of Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull 206:35–45
Thompson JV (1830) On Polyzoa, a new animal discovered as an
inhabitant of some zoophytes with a description of the newly instituted genera of Pedicellaria and Vesicularia and their species. Zool
Res Illus 4(5):89–102
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA (1981) Genetic variation in natural populations of marine bryozoans. In: Larwood GP, Nielsen C (eds) Recent
and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 263–272
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS (1978a) Genetic evidence for
cryptic speciation in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum .
Mar Biol 49:27–32
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS (1978b) Taxonomy, interspecifi c
variation and genetic distance in the phylum Bryozoa. In: Beardmore
JA, Battaglia B (eds) Marine organisms: genetics, ecology and evolution. Plenum Press, London, pp 425–446
Tilbrook KJ (2001) Indo-West Pacifi c species of the genus Stylopoma
Levinsen 1909 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Zool J Linn Soc
131(1):1–34
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
International Bryozoology Association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, pp 104–135
Trembley A (1744) Memoires pour servir a l’histoire d’un genre de
polypes d’eau douce, a bras en forme de cornes. Jean and Herman
Verbeek, Paris
Turner CL (1940) Pseudoamnion, pseudochorion, and follicular
pseudoplacenta in poeciliid fi shes. J Morphol 67:59–89
van Beneden PJ (1844a) Recherches sur l’organisation des Laguncula
et l’histoire naturelle des différents polypes Bryozoaires qui habitent la côte d’Ostende. Nouv Mem Acad R Sci Belles-Lettr Bruxelles
18:1–29
van Beneden PJ (1844b) Recherches sur l’anatomie, la physiologie et le
développement des bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d’Ostende.
Mem Acad R Belg 18:1–44
Vigelius WJ (1882) Zur Enstehung und Entwicklung der Geschlechtsprodukte bei chilostomen Bryozoen. Biol Zbl 2:435–442
Vigelius WJ (1884a) Morphologische Untersuchungen über Flustra
membranaceo-truncata Smitt. Biol Zbl 3(23):705–721
Vigelius WJ (1884b) Die Bryozoen, gesammelt während der dritten
und vierten Polarfahrt des “Willem Barents” in den Jahren 1880 und
1881. Bijdr Dierkd 11:1–104
Vigelius WJ (1886) Zur Ontogenie der marinen Bryozoen. Mitt Zool
Stat Neap 6:499–541
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Warburg MR, Rosenberg M (1996) Brood-pouch structure in terrestrial
isopods. Invertebr Reprod Dev 29:213–222
Wass RE, Banta WC (1981) Catenicellid cheilostome Bryozoa. II.
Introduction to ovicell complexes. Aust J Zool 29:365–400
Waters A (1896a [1898]) Notes on Bryozoa from Rapallo and other
Mediterranean localities – chiefl y Cellulariidae. J Linn Soc Zool
26(166):1–21
Waters A (1896b [1898]) Observations on Membraniporidae. J Linn
Soc Zool 26(172):126–133
Waters A (1900) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897. J Linn Soc Zool
28(179):126–133
Waters A (1904a) Bryozoa. Res Voy S.Y. Belgica 1897-1898-1899. Exp
Ant Belge Zool 4:1–114
Waters A (1904b) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897 – part II. Cyclostomata,
Ctenostomata and Endoprocta. J Linn Soc Zool 29(190):161–184
Waters A (1906) Bryozoa from Chatham Island and d’Urville Island,
New Zealand, collected by Professor H. Schauinsland. Ann Mag
Nat Hist Ser 7 17(97):12–23
Waters A (1907) Tubucellaria : its species and ovicells. J Linn Soc Zool
30:126–133
Waters A (1909) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese
Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A.,
B.Sc., F.Z.S.; together with collections made in the Red Sea by
Dr. R. Hartmeyer. – XII. The Bryozoa. Part I. – Cheilostomata.
J Linn Soc Zool 31:123–181
Waters A (1910) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese
Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland. Bryozoa.
Part II. – Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Endoprocta. J Linn
Soc Zool 31:231–256
1 Reproductive Patterns of Gymnolaemate Bryozoa: General Overview and Comparative Analysis
Shunatova NN, Ostrovsky AN (2001) Individual autozooidal behaviour
and feeding in marine bryozoans. Sarsia 86:113–142
Shunatova NN, Ostrovsky AN (2002) Group behaviour and chimneys
in marine bryozoans. Mar Biol 140(3):503–518
Silbermann S (1906) Untersuchungen über den feineren Bau von
Alcyonidium mytili . Arch Naturg 72:265–308
Silén L (1942) Origin and development of the cheilo-ctenostomatous
stem of Bryozoa. Zool Bidr Uppsala 22:1–59
Silén L (1944) The anatomy of Labiostomella gisleni Silén (Bryozoa
Protocheilostomata). Kongl Svenska Vetensk-Akad Handl Ser 3
21:1–111
Silén L (1945) The main features of the development of the ovum,
embryo and ooecium in the ooecioferous Bryozoa Gymnolaemata.
Ark Zool 35A(17):1–34
Silén L (1966) On the fertilization problem in gymnolaematous
Bryozoa. Ophelia 3:113–140
Silén L (1972) Fertilization in the Bryozoa. Ophelia 10(1):27–34
Silén L (1977) Polymorphism. In: Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL (eds)
Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York, pp 184–232
Smith DG, Werle SF, Klekowski EJ (2003) The anatomy and brooding
biology of Pottsiella erecta (Potts, 1884) (Ectoprocta:
Gymnolaemata: Ctenostomata) with an expanded diagnosis of the
Pottsiellidae. Hydrobiologia 490:135–145
Smitt FA (1865) Om Hafs-Bryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar.
Ofvers Kongl Vetensk-Akad Forh 1:5–50
Smitt FA (1866) Kritisk Förteskning öfver Scandinaviens HafsBryozoernas. Ofvers Kongl Vetensk-Akad Forh 23:395–533
Stach LW (1938) Observation on Carbasea indivisa Busk (Bryozoa).
Proc Zool Soc Lond B 108(3):389–399
Strathmann RR (1978) The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages
of marine invertebrates. Evolution 32(4):894–906
Ström R (1969) Sexual reproduction in a stoloniferous bryozoan,
Triticella koreni (G.O. Sars). Zool Bidr Uppsala 38:113–127
Ström R (1977) Brooding patterns of bryozoans. In: Woollacott RM,
Zimmer RL (eds) Biology of bryozoans. Academic Press, New York,
pp 23–56
Taylor PD (1988) Major radiation of cheilostome bryozoans: triggered
by the evolution of a new larval type. Hist Biol 1:45–64
Taylor PD (1990) Bioimmured ctenostomes from the Jurassic and the
origin of the cheilostome Bryozoa. Palaeontology 33:19–34
Taylor PD (1994) An early cheilostome bryozoan from the Upper
Jurassic of Yemen. Neues Jahrb Geol P-A 191:331–344
Temkin MH (1994) Gamete spawning and fertilization in the gymnolaemate bryozoan Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull
187(2):143–155
Temkin MH (1996) Comparative fertilization biology of gymnolaemate
bryozoans. Mar Biol 127(2):329–339
Temkin MH (2002) The effects of increased external Ca++ and K+ concentrations on the waveform dynamics of bryozoan spermatozeugmata. In: Wyse Jackson PN, Buttler CJ, Spencer Jones M (eds)
Bryozoan studies 2001. AA Balkema Publishers, Lisse/Abingdon/
Exton/Tokyo, pp 315–320
Temkin MH, Bortolami SB (2004) Waveform dynamics of spermatozeugmata during the transfer from paternal to maternal individuals of Membranipora membranacea . Biol Bull 206:35–45
Thompson JV (1830) On Polyzoa, a new animal discovered as an
inhabitant of some zoophytes with a description of the newly instituted genera of Pedicellaria and Vesicularia and their species. Zool
Res Illus 4(5):89–102
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA (1981) Genetic variation in natural populations of marine bryozoans. In: Larwood GP, Nielsen C (eds) Recent
and fossil Bryozoa. Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, pp 263–272
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS (1978a) Genetic evidence for
cryptic speciation in the marine bryozoan Alcyonidium gelatinosum .
Mar Biol 49:27–32
Thorpe JP, Beardmore JA, Ryland JS (1978b) Taxonomy, interspecifi c
variation and genetic distance in the phylum Bryozoa. In: Beardmore
JA, Battaglia B (eds) Marine organisms: genetics, ecology and evolution. Plenum Press, London, pp 425–446
Tilbrook KJ (2001) Indo-West Pacifi c species of the genus Stylopoma
Levinsen 1909 (Bryozoa: Cheilostomatida). Zool J Linn Soc
131(1):1–34
Todd JA (2000) The central role of ctenostomes in bryozoan phylogeny.
In: Herrera Cubilla A, Jackson JBC (eds) Proceedings of the 11th
International Bryozoology Association conference. Smithsonian
Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, pp 104–135
Trembley A (1744) Memoires pour servir a l’histoire d’un genre de
polypes d’eau douce, a bras en forme de cornes. Jean and Herman
Verbeek, Paris
Turner CL (1940) Pseudoamnion, pseudochorion, and follicular
pseudoplacenta in poeciliid fi shes. J Morphol 67:59–89
van Beneden PJ (1844a) Recherches sur l’organisation des Laguncula
et l’histoire naturelle des différents polypes Bryozoaires qui habitent la côte d’Ostende. Nouv Mem Acad R Sci Belles-Lettr Bruxelles
18:1–29
van Beneden PJ (1844b) Recherches sur l’anatomie, la physiologie et le
développement des bryozoaires qui habitent la cote d’Ostende.
Mem Acad R Belg 18:1–44
Vigelius WJ (1882) Zur Enstehung und Entwicklung der Geschlechtsprodukte bei chilostomen Bryozoen. Biol Zbl 2:435–442
Vigelius WJ (1884a) Morphologische Untersuchungen über Flustra
membranaceo-truncata Smitt. Biol Zbl 3(23):705–721
Vigelius WJ (1884b) Die Bryozoen, gesammelt während der dritten
und vierten Polarfahrt des “Willem Barents” in den Jahren 1880 und
1881. Bijdr Dierkd 11:1–104
Vigelius WJ (1886) Zur Ontogenie der marinen Bryozoen. Mitt Zool
Stat Neap 6:499–541
Waeschenbach A, Taylor PD, Littlewood DT (2012) A molecular phylogeny of bryozoans. Mol Phylogenet Evol 62:718–735
Warburg MR, Rosenberg M (1996) Brood-pouch structure in terrestrial
isopods. Invertebr Reprod Dev 29:213–222
Wass RE, Banta WC (1981) Catenicellid cheilostome Bryozoa. II.
Introduction to ovicell complexes. Aust J Zool 29:365–400
Waters A (1896a [1898]) Notes on Bryozoa from Rapallo and other
Mediterranean localities – chiefl y Cellulariidae. J Linn Soc Zool
26(166):1–21
Waters A (1896b [1898]) Observations on Membraniporidae. J Linn
Soc Zool 26(172):126–133
Waters A (1900) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897. J Linn Soc Zool
28(179):126–133
Waters A (1904a) Bryozoa. Res Voy S.Y. Belgica 1897-1898-1899. Exp
Ant Belge Zool 4:1–114
Waters A (1904b) Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land, collected by the
Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, 1896–1897 – part II. Cyclostomata,
Ctenostomata and Endoprocta. J Linn Soc Zool 29(190):161–184
Waters A (1906) Bryozoa from Chatham Island and d’Urville Island,
New Zealand, collected by Professor H. Schauinsland. Ann Mag
Nat Hist Ser 7 17(97):12–23
Waters A (1907) Tubucellaria : its species and ovicells. J Linn Soc Zool
30:126–133
Waters A (1909) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese
Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, M.A.,
B.Sc., F.Z.S.; together with collections made in the Red Sea by
Dr. R. Hartmeyer. – XII. The Bryozoa. Part I. – Cheilostomata.
J Linn Soc Zool 31:123–181
Waters A (1910) Reports on marine biology of the Sudanese
Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland. Bryozoa.
Part II. – Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Endoprocta. J Linn
Soc Zool 31:231–256
1 Reproductive Patterns of Gymnolaemate Bryozoa: General Overview and Comparative Analysis