diverged mouse chromosome beta-globin genes. Cell
18: 865-873 (1979)
219. Kornfield I. L.: Evidence for rapid speciation in African cichlid fishes. Experientia 34: 335-336 (1978)
220. Krampitz G. et al.: Calcium-binding peptide in Dinosaur egg shells. Naturwissenschaften 64: 583 (1977)
221. Kreitman M. E. and Aguade M.: Excess polymorphism at the Adh locus in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics 114: 93-110 (1986)
222. Lake J. A.: A rate-independent technique for analysis
of nucleic acid sequences: Evolutionary parsimony.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 4: 167-191 (1987)
223. Lakovaara S. and Keranen L.: Variation at the
a-Gpdh locus of drosophilids. Hereditas 92: 251-258
(1980)
224. Langley C. H. et al.: Null allele frequencies at allozyme loci in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 99: 151-156 (1981)
225. Lansman R. A. et al.: The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence
relatedness in natural populations. J. mol. Evol. 17:
214-226 (1981)
226. Lansman R. A. et a1.: Extensive genetic variation in
mitochondrial DNAs among geographic populations
of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Evolution 37: 1-16 (1983)
227. Laurie-Ahlberg C. C. et al.: Genetic variability of
flight muscle metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Relationship between power output and
enzyme activity levels. Genetics 111: 845-868 (1985)
228. Laurie C. C. and Starn L. E: Quantitative analysis of
RNA produced by slow and fast alleles of Adh in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:
5161-65 (1988)
229. Lee Y. M., Misra H. P. and Ayala E J.: Superoxide
dismutase in Drosophila melanogaster - Biochemical
and structural characterization of allozyme variants.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 7052-55 (1981)
230. Lehrman M. A. et al.: Exon-alu recombination deletes 5 kilo bases from the low density lipoprotein receptor gene, producing a null phenotype in familian
hypercholesterolemia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:
3679-83 (1986)
231. Leibenguth E and Kutz u.: Alcohol dehydrogenase
polymorphism in the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. Compo Biochem. Physio!. Pt. B 82: 455-459
(1985)
232. Lennon G. G. and Nussinov R.: Homonyms, synonyms and mutations of the sequence/structure vocabulary. J. mol. BioI. 175: 425-430 (1984)
233. Leslie J. E, Cain G. D. and Meffe G. K.: Enzyme
polymorphism in Ascaris suum (Nematoda). J. Parasitol. 68: 576-587 (1982)
234. Levinson G. and Gutman G. A.: Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence
evolution. Mol. BioI. Evol. 4: 203-221 (1987)
235. Levy J. A., Haimovici M. and Conceicao M.: Genetic
evidences for two species to the genus Eledone
(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in South Brazil. Compo
Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 90: 275-277 (1988)
236. Lewin R.: Molecular clocks turn a quarter century.
Science 239: 561-563 (1988)
237. Lewontin R. c.: The genetic basis of evolutionary
change. Columbia Univ. Press, New York 1974
238. Lewontin R. C.: Inferring the number of evolutionary events from DNA coding sequence differences.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 6: 15-32 (1989)
References
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239. Li B. E L. et al.: The catalytic consequences of
experimental evolution. Transitionstate structure during catalysis by the evolved ~-galactosidases of Escherichia coli (ebg enzymes) changed by a single mutational event. Biochem. J. 260: 109-114 (1989)
240. Li W. H. and Nei M.: Persistence of common alleles
in two related populations or species. Genetics 86:
901-914 (1977)
241. Li W. H.: Rate of gene silencing at duplicate loci: a
theoretical study and interpretation of data from tetraploid fishes. Genetics 95: 237-258 (1980)
242. Li W. H. and Gojobori T.: Rapid evolution of goat
and sheep globin genes following gene duplication.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 1: 94-108 (1983)
243. Li W. H., Wu C. I. and Luo C. c.: A new method for
estimating synonymous and non-synonymous rates of
nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 2: 150-174 (1985)
244. Li W. H.: Models of nearly neutral mutations with
particular implications for nonrandom usage of synonymous codons. J. mol. Evol. 24: 337-345 (1987)
245. Li W. H. et al.: Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia,
Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora and molecular clocks. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6703-07
(1990)
246. Li W. H. and Graur D.: Fundamentals of molecular
evolution. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland 1991
247. Liebhaber S. A. et al.: Hemoglobin I mutation
encoded at both a-globin loci on the same chromosome: concerted evolution in the human genome. Science 226: 1449-51 (1984)
248. Lipman D. J., Altschul S. E and Kececioglu J. D.: A
tool for multiple sequence alignment. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4412-15 (1989)
249. Liskay R. M., Letsou A. and Stachelek J. L.: Homology requirement for efficient gene conversion
between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mammalian cells. Genetics 115: 161-167 (1987)
250. Loukas M., Delidakis C. and Kafatos E C.: Genomic
blot hybridization as a tool of phylogenetic analysis:
Evolutionary divergence in the genus Drosophila. J.
mol. Evol. 24: 174-188 (1986)
251. Lowenstein J. M., Sarich V. M. and Richardson B. J.:
Albumin systematics of the extinct mammoth and
Tasmanian wolf. Nature 291: 409-411 (1981)
252. Lowenstein J. M. and Ryder O. A.: Immunological
systematics of the extinct quagga (Equidae). Experientia 41: 1192-93 (1985)
253. Lucotte G. and Kaminski M.: Molecular heterosis at
the conalbumin locus in the ring-necked pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus). Theor. appl. Genetics 48:
251-253 (1976)
254. Lynch M. and Hill W. G.: Phenotypic evolution by
neutral mutation. Evolution 40: 915-935 (1986)
255. Lanch M.: The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting. Mol. BioI. Evol. 7: 478-484 (1990)
256. Macintyre R. J. (ed.): Molecular evolutionary genetics. Plenum, New York 1985
257. Maeda N., Bliska J. B. and Smithies 0.: Recombination and balanced chromosome polymorphism suggested by DNA sequences 5' to the human 6-g10bin
gene complex. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci USA 80: 5012-16
(1983)
258. Manella C. A., Frank J. and Delihas N.: Interrelatedness of 5 S RNA sequences investigated by correspondence analysis. J. mol. Evol. 24: 228-235 (1987)
18: 865-873 (1979)
219. Kornfield I. L.: Evidence for rapid speciation in African cichlid fishes. Experientia 34: 335-336 (1978)
220. Krampitz G. et al.: Calcium-binding peptide in Dinosaur egg shells. Naturwissenschaften 64: 583 (1977)
221. Kreitman M. E. and Aguade M.: Excess polymorphism at the Adh locus in Drosophila melanogaster.
Genetics 114: 93-110 (1986)
222. Lake J. A.: A rate-independent technique for analysis
of nucleic acid sequences: Evolutionary parsimony.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 4: 167-191 (1987)
223. Lakovaara S. and Keranen L.: Variation at the
a-Gpdh locus of drosophilids. Hereditas 92: 251-258
(1980)
224. Langley C. H. et al.: Null allele frequencies at allozyme loci in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 99: 151-156 (1981)
225. Lansman R. A. et al.: The use of restriction endonucleases to measure mitochondrial DNA sequence
relatedness in natural populations. J. mol. Evol. 17:
214-226 (1981)
226. Lansman R. A. et a1.: Extensive genetic variation in
mitochondrial DNAs among geographic populations
of the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus. Evolution 37: 1-16 (1983)
227. Laurie-Ahlberg C. C. et al.: Genetic variability of
flight muscle metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Relationship between power output and
enzyme activity levels. Genetics 111: 845-868 (1985)
228. Laurie C. C. and Starn L. E: Quantitative analysis of
RNA produced by slow and fast alleles of Adh in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 85:
5161-65 (1988)
229. Lee Y. M., Misra H. P. and Ayala E J.: Superoxide
dismutase in Drosophila melanogaster - Biochemical
and structural characterization of allozyme variants.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 7052-55 (1981)
230. Lehrman M. A. et al.: Exon-alu recombination deletes 5 kilo bases from the low density lipoprotein receptor gene, producing a null phenotype in familian
hypercholesterolemia. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83:
3679-83 (1986)
231. Leibenguth E and Kutz u.: Alcohol dehydrogenase
polymorphism in the flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella. Compo Biochem. Physio!. Pt. B 82: 455-459
(1985)
232. Lennon G. G. and Nussinov R.: Homonyms, synonyms and mutations of the sequence/structure vocabulary. J. mol. BioI. 175: 425-430 (1984)
233. Leslie J. E, Cain G. D. and Meffe G. K.: Enzyme
polymorphism in Ascaris suum (Nematoda). J. Parasitol. 68: 576-587 (1982)
234. Levinson G. and Gutman G. A.: Slipped-strand mispairing: a major mechanism for DNA sequence
evolution. Mol. BioI. Evol. 4: 203-221 (1987)
235. Levy J. A., Haimovici M. and Conceicao M.: Genetic
evidences for two species to the genus Eledone
(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in South Brazil. Compo
Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 90: 275-277 (1988)
236. Lewin R.: Molecular clocks turn a quarter century.
Science 239: 561-563 (1988)
237. Lewontin R. c.: The genetic basis of evolutionary
change. Columbia Univ. Press, New York 1974
238. Lewontin R. C.: Inferring the number of evolutionary events from DNA coding sequence differences.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 6: 15-32 (1989)
References
177
239. Li B. E L. et al.: The catalytic consequences of
experimental evolution. Transitionstate structure during catalysis by the evolved ~-galactosidases of Escherichia coli (ebg enzymes) changed by a single mutational event. Biochem. J. 260: 109-114 (1989)
240. Li W. H. and Nei M.: Persistence of common alleles
in two related populations or species. Genetics 86:
901-914 (1977)
241. Li W. H.: Rate of gene silencing at duplicate loci: a
theoretical study and interpretation of data from tetraploid fishes. Genetics 95: 237-258 (1980)
242. Li W. H. and Gojobori T.: Rapid evolution of goat
and sheep globin genes following gene duplication.
Mol. BioI. Evol. 1: 94-108 (1983)
243. Li W. H., Wu C. I. and Luo C. c.: A new method for
estimating synonymous and non-synonymous rates of
nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 2: 150-174 (1985)
244. Li W. H.: Models of nearly neutral mutations with
particular implications for nonrandom usage of synonymous codons. J. mol. Evol. 24: 337-345 (1987)
245. Li W. H. et al.: Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia,
Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora and molecular clocks. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6703-07
(1990)
246. Li W. H. and Graur D.: Fundamentals of molecular
evolution. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland 1991
247. Liebhaber S. A. et al.: Hemoglobin I mutation
encoded at both a-globin loci on the same chromosome: concerted evolution in the human genome. Science 226: 1449-51 (1984)
248. Lipman D. J., Altschul S. E and Kececioglu J. D.: A
tool for multiple sequence alignment. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. USA 86: 4412-15 (1989)
249. Liskay R. M., Letsou A. and Stachelek J. L.: Homology requirement for efficient gene conversion
between duplicated chromosomal sequences in mammalian cells. Genetics 115: 161-167 (1987)
250. Loukas M., Delidakis C. and Kafatos E C.: Genomic
blot hybridization as a tool of phylogenetic analysis:
Evolutionary divergence in the genus Drosophila. J.
mol. Evol. 24: 174-188 (1986)
251. Lowenstein J. M., Sarich V. M. and Richardson B. J.:
Albumin systematics of the extinct mammoth and
Tasmanian wolf. Nature 291: 409-411 (1981)
252. Lowenstein J. M. and Ryder O. A.: Immunological
systematics of the extinct quagga (Equidae). Experientia 41: 1192-93 (1985)
253. Lucotte G. and Kaminski M.: Molecular heterosis at
the conalbumin locus in the ring-necked pheasant
(Phasianus colchicus). Theor. appl. Genetics 48:
251-253 (1976)
254. Lynch M. and Hill W. G.: Phenotypic evolution by
neutral mutation. Evolution 40: 915-935 (1986)
255. Lanch M.: The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting. Mol. BioI. Evol. 7: 478-484 (1990)
256. Macintyre R. J. (ed.): Molecular evolutionary genetics. Plenum, New York 1985
257. Maeda N., Bliska J. B. and Smithies 0.: Recombination and balanced chromosome polymorphism suggested by DNA sequences 5' to the human 6-g10bin
gene complex. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci USA 80: 5012-16
(1983)
258. Manella C. A., Frank J. and Delihas N.: Interrelatedness of 5 S RNA sequences investigated by correspondence analysis. J. mol. Evol. 24: 228-235 (1987)