history of human a-interferon genes. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. USA 82: 8577-81 (1985)
138. Gomez E. et al.: What is a genus in the trypanosomatidae family. Phylogenetic analysis of two small
rRNAsequences. Mol. BioI. Evol. 8: 254-259 (1991)
139. Gonzales I. L. et al.: Variation among human 28 S
ribosomal RNA genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82:
7666-70 (1985)
140. Gonzalesz I. L. et al.: Ribosomal RNA gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny. Mol. BioI. Evol. 7:
203-219 (1990)
141. Goodman E. (ed.): Macromolecular sequences in
systematics and evolutionary biology. Plenum, New
York 1982
142. Goodman M., Weiss M. L. and Czelusiak J.: Molecular evolution above the species level: Branching pattern, rates, and mechanisms. Syst. Zool. 31: 376-399
(1983)
143. Goodman M. et al.: Molecular phylogeny of the
family of apes and humans. Genome 31: 316-335
(1989)
144. Gorski J., Fiori M. and Mach B. A.: Anew nonsense
mutation as the molecular basis for ~ 0 thalassemia. J.
mol. BioI. 154: 537-540 (1982)
145. Gosling E.: Hidden genetic variability in two populations of a marine mussel. Nature 279: 713-715 (1979)
146. Graf J. D. and Fischberg M.: Albumin evolution in
polyploid species of the genus Xenopus. Biochem.
Genetics 24: 821-837 (1986)
147. Grassle J. P. and Grassle J. E: Sibling species in the
marine pollution indicator Capitella (Polychaeta).
Science 192: 567-569 (1976)
148. Graur D.: Gene diversity in Hymenoptera. Evolution
39: 190-199 (1985)
149. Graur D., Shuali Y. and Li W H.: Deletions in processed pseudo genes accumulate faster in rodents than
in humans. J. mol. Evol. 28: 279-285 (1989)
150. Gribskov M., Maclachlan A. D. and Eisenberg D.:
Profile analysis: detection of distantly related proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 4355-58 (1987)
151. Grula J. W et al.: Sea urchin DNA sequence variation and reduced interspecies differences of the less
variable sequences. Evolution 63: 665-676 (1982)
152. Gupta J. P., Dwivedi Y. N. and Singh B. K.: Natural
hybridization in Drosophila. Experientia 36: 290
(1980)
153. Gutfreund H. (ed.): Biochemical evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1981
154. Guttman S.I., Grau G. A. and Karlin A. A.: Genetic
variation in Lake Erie great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 66: 167-169
(1980)
155. Gyllensten U. B. et al.: Nucleotide sequence and
genomic organization of bird minisatellites. Nucleic
Acids Res. 17: 2203-14 (1989)
156. Haj-Ahmad Y. and Hickley D. A.: A molecular
explanation of frequency-dependent selection in Drosophila. Nature 299: 350-352 (1982)
157. Halanych K. M.: 5S ribosomal RNA sequences inappropriate for phylogenetic reconstruction. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 8: 249-253 (1991)
158. Hale L. R. and Singh R. S.: Extensive variation and
heteroplasmy in size of mitochondrial DNA among
geographical populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8813-17 (1986)
References
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159. Harrison R. G.: Parallel variation at an enzyme locus
in sibling species of field crickets. Nature 266:
168-170 (1977)
160. Hasegawa M. et al.: Mitochondrial DNA evolution in
primates. Transition rate has been extremely low in
the lemur. J. mol. Evol. 31: 113-121 (1990)
161. Hayashi J. I. et al.: Evolutionary aspects of variant
types of rat mitochondrial DNAs. Biochim. biophys.
Acta 564: 202-211 (1979)
162. Hayashi J. I., Moriwaki K. and Yosida T. H.: Polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNAs in Norway rats
(Rattus norwegicus) - Cleavage site variations and
length polymorphism of restriction fragments. Mol.
gen. Genetics 184: 337-341 (1981)
163. Hein J.: A new method that simultaneously aligns
and reconstructs ancestral sequences for any numer
of homologous sequences, when the phylogeny is
given. Mol. BioI. Evol. 6: 649-668 (1989)
164. Hein J.: A tree reconstruction method that is economical in the number of pairwise comparisons used.
Mol. BioI. EvoI. 6: 669-684 (1989)
165. Heinstra P. W H. et al.: Alcohol dehydrogenase of
Drosophila melanogaster: metabolic differences
mediated through cryptic allozymes. Heredity 57:
23-29 (1986)
166. Heinstra P. W H., Scharloo Wand Thorig G. E. W:
Physiological significance of the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in larvae of Drosophila. Genetics
117: 75-84 (1987)
167. Heinstra P. W H. et al.: The metabolism of ethanolderived acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (EC
1.1.1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) in
Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Biochem. J. 259:
791-797 (1989)
168. Henikoff S. et al.: Two Drosophila melanogaster
mutations block successive steps of de novo purine
synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 3919-23
(1986)
169. Henthorn P. S. et al.: Products oftwo common alleles
at the locus for human placental alkaline phosphatase
differ by seven amino acids. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 83: 5597-5601 (1986)
170. Hess J. E, Schmid C. Wand Shen C. K. J.: A gradient of sequence divergence in the human adult aglobin duplication units. Science 226: 67-70 (1984)
171. Hewett-Emmett D., Welty R. J. and Tashian R. E.: A
widespread silent polymorphism of human carbonic
anhydrase III (31 lIe - Val) - implications for evolutionary genetics. Genetics 105: 409-420 (1983)
172. Higuchi R. G. et al.: Mitochondrial DNA of the
extinct quagga: Relatedness and extent of postmortem change. J. mol. Evol. 25: 283-287 (1987)
173. Hilbish T. J., Deaton L. E. and Koehn R. K.: Effect
of an allozyme polymorphism on regulation of cell
volume. Nature 298: 688-689 (1982)
174. Hillis D. M., Frost J. S. and Wright D. A.: Phylogeny
and biogeography of the Rana pipiens complex: a
biochemical evaluation. Syst. Zool. 32: 132-143
(1983)
175. Hillis D. M. and Moritz c.: Molecular systematics.
Sinauer, Sunderland 1990
176. Hixson J. E. and Brown W M.: A comparison of the
small ribosomal RNA genes from the mitochondrial
DNA of the great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications. Mol.
BioI. Evol. 3: 1-18 (1986)
Acad. Sci. USA 82: 8577-81 (1985)
138. Gomez E. et al.: What is a genus in the trypanosomatidae family. Phylogenetic analysis of two small
rRNAsequences. Mol. BioI. Evol. 8: 254-259 (1991)
139. Gonzales I. L. et al.: Variation among human 28 S
ribosomal RNA genes. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82:
7666-70 (1985)
140. Gonzalesz I. L. et al.: Ribosomal RNA gene sequences and hominoid phylogeny. Mol. BioI. Evol. 7:
203-219 (1990)
141. Goodman E. (ed.): Macromolecular sequences in
systematics and evolutionary biology. Plenum, New
York 1982
142. Goodman M., Weiss M. L. and Czelusiak J.: Molecular evolution above the species level: Branching pattern, rates, and mechanisms. Syst. Zool. 31: 376-399
(1983)
143. Goodman M. et al.: Molecular phylogeny of the
family of apes and humans. Genome 31: 316-335
(1989)
144. Gorski J., Fiori M. and Mach B. A.: Anew nonsense
mutation as the molecular basis for ~ 0 thalassemia. J.
mol. BioI. 154: 537-540 (1982)
145. Gosling E.: Hidden genetic variability in two populations of a marine mussel. Nature 279: 713-715 (1979)
146. Graf J. D. and Fischberg M.: Albumin evolution in
polyploid species of the genus Xenopus. Biochem.
Genetics 24: 821-837 (1986)
147. Grassle J. P. and Grassle J. E: Sibling species in the
marine pollution indicator Capitella (Polychaeta).
Science 192: 567-569 (1976)
148. Graur D.: Gene diversity in Hymenoptera. Evolution
39: 190-199 (1985)
149. Graur D., Shuali Y. and Li W H.: Deletions in processed pseudo genes accumulate faster in rodents than
in humans. J. mol. Evol. 28: 279-285 (1989)
150. Gribskov M., Maclachlan A. D. and Eisenberg D.:
Profile analysis: detection of distantly related proteins. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 4355-58 (1987)
151. Grula J. W et al.: Sea urchin DNA sequence variation and reduced interspecies differences of the less
variable sequences. Evolution 63: 665-676 (1982)
152. Gupta J. P., Dwivedi Y. N. and Singh B. K.: Natural
hybridization in Drosophila. Experientia 36: 290
(1980)
153. Gutfreund H. (ed.): Biochemical evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 1981
154. Guttman S.I., Grau G. A. and Karlin A. A.: Genetic
variation in Lake Erie great blue herons (Ardea herodias). Compo Biochem. Physiol. Pt. B 66: 167-169
(1980)
155. Gyllensten U. B. et al.: Nucleotide sequence and
genomic organization of bird minisatellites. Nucleic
Acids Res. 17: 2203-14 (1989)
156. Haj-Ahmad Y. and Hickley D. A.: A molecular
explanation of frequency-dependent selection in Drosophila. Nature 299: 350-352 (1982)
157. Halanych K. M.: 5S ribosomal RNA sequences inappropriate for phylogenetic reconstruction. Mol. BioI.
Evol. 8: 249-253 (1991)
158. Hale L. R. and Singh R. S.: Extensive variation and
heteroplasmy in size of mitochondrial DNA among
geographical populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 8813-17 (1986)
References
175
159. Harrison R. G.: Parallel variation at an enzyme locus
in sibling species of field crickets. Nature 266:
168-170 (1977)
160. Hasegawa M. et al.: Mitochondrial DNA evolution in
primates. Transition rate has been extremely low in
the lemur. J. mol. Evol. 31: 113-121 (1990)
161. Hayashi J. I. et al.: Evolutionary aspects of variant
types of rat mitochondrial DNAs. Biochim. biophys.
Acta 564: 202-211 (1979)
162. Hayashi J. I., Moriwaki K. and Yosida T. H.: Polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNAs in Norway rats
(Rattus norwegicus) - Cleavage site variations and
length polymorphism of restriction fragments. Mol.
gen. Genetics 184: 337-341 (1981)
163. Hein J.: A new method that simultaneously aligns
and reconstructs ancestral sequences for any numer
of homologous sequences, when the phylogeny is
given. Mol. BioI. Evol. 6: 649-668 (1989)
164. Hein J.: A tree reconstruction method that is economical in the number of pairwise comparisons used.
Mol. BioI. EvoI. 6: 669-684 (1989)
165. Heinstra P. W H. et al.: Alcohol dehydrogenase of
Drosophila melanogaster: metabolic differences
mediated through cryptic allozymes. Heredity 57:
23-29 (1986)
166. Heinstra P. W H., Scharloo Wand Thorig G. E. W:
Physiological significance of the alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphism in larvae of Drosophila. Genetics
117: 75-84 (1987)
167. Heinstra P. W H. et al.: The metabolism of ethanolderived acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase (EC
1.1.1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) in
Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Biochem. J. 259:
791-797 (1989)
168. Henikoff S. et al.: Two Drosophila melanogaster
mutations block successive steps of de novo purine
synthesis. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 83: 3919-23
(1986)
169. Henthorn P. S. et al.: Products oftwo common alleles
at the locus for human placental alkaline phosphatase
differ by seven amino acids. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA 83: 5597-5601 (1986)
170. Hess J. E, Schmid C. Wand Shen C. K. J.: A gradient of sequence divergence in the human adult aglobin duplication units. Science 226: 67-70 (1984)
171. Hewett-Emmett D., Welty R. J. and Tashian R. E.: A
widespread silent polymorphism of human carbonic
anhydrase III (31 lIe - Val) - implications for evolutionary genetics. Genetics 105: 409-420 (1983)
172. Higuchi R. G. et al.: Mitochondrial DNA of the
extinct quagga: Relatedness and extent of postmortem change. J. mol. Evol. 25: 283-287 (1987)
173. Hilbish T. J., Deaton L. E. and Koehn R. K.: Effect
of an allozyme polymorphism on regulation of cell
volume. Nature 298: 688-689 (1982)
174. Hillis D. M., Frost J. S. and Wright D. A.: Phylogeny
and biogeography of the Rana pipiens complex: a
biochemical evaluation. Syst. Zool. 32: 132-143
(1983)
175. Hillis D. M. and Moritz c.: Molecular systematics.
Sinauer, Sunderland 1990
176. Hixson J. E. and Brown W M.: A comparison of the
small ribosomal RNA genes from the mitochondrial
DNA of the great apes and humans: sequence, structure, evolution, and phylogenetic implications. Mol.
BioI. Evol. 3: 1-18 (1986)