18.1.3
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2
18.2.3
18.3
18.4
18.4.1
18.4.2
18.4.3
18.4.4
18.4.5
18.4.6
18.5
18.5.1
18.5.2
18.6
18.6.1
18.6.2
18.6.3
The Citric Acid Cycle Between
2-0xoglutarate and Oxaloacetate .. 691
Carboxy lases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Pyruvate Carboxylase . . . . . . . . . . 692
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Carboxykinase ............... 692
Malic Enzyme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
The Glyoxylate Cycle . . . . . . . . . . 694
Electron Transport
and Oxidative Phosphorylation. . . . 695
Complexes I-III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Cytochrome c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Cytochrome Oxidase
(Complex IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
ATP Synthase (Complex V) . . . . . . 701
Heat Production in Brown Fat
Tissue .................... 702
Alternative Pathways of
Mitochondrial Electron Transport . . 702
Microsomal Electron Transport
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Cytochrome bs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Cytochrome P-450 ............ 704
Oxygen-Detoxifying Enzymes ..... 706
Superoxide Dismutases . . . . . . . . . 706
Catalases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Peroxidases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
19
19.1
19.1.1
19.1.2
19.1.3
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.5.1
19.5.2
19.5.3
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
Contents
XVII
Secondary Metabolites . . . . . . . . 716
Nitrogen-Free Substances ....... 718
Aliphatic Compounds. .. . . . . . . . 718
Carbocyclic Compounds . . . . . . . . 723
Aromatic Compounds. . . . . . . . . . 723
Terpenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 726
Carotenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Visual Pigments
and Phototransduction . . . . . . . . . 733
Nitrogenous Substances. . . . . . . . . 739
Amino Compounds ........... 739
Cyanogenic Compounds . . . . . . . . 740
N -Heterocyclic Compounds
and Alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740
Pyrrole Pigments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
Pterins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746
Ommochromes
and Papiliochromes . . . . . . . . . . . 748
Melanins .................. 749
Bioluminescence ............. 750
References ................. 753
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Genera Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773