132
4 Molecular Evolution
Table 4.8. Protein polymorphism in various animal species and groups as represented by the average heterozygosity H
(p. 131) of at least 20 loci
Group
Bacteria
Nematoda
Phoronida
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Insecta
Agnatha
Telostei
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
188
30
38
57
31
3
9
3
25
68
_ Mean values.
Species
Escherichia coli
Ascaris suum
Phoronopsis viridis
Asterias forbesi
Nerchaster aciculosus
Rumina decollata
Tridacna maxima
Limulus polyphemus
Homarus american us
Euphausia superba
Gryllus integer
Otiorhynchus scaber
Drosophila paulistorum
D. melanogaster
D. simulans
Musca domestica
Lampetra planeri
Fundulus heteroclitus
Zoarces viviparus
Mugil cephalus
Gillichthys mirabilis
Menidia menidia
Sebastes caurinus
Mylopharodon conocephalus
Plethodon cine reus
Bufo viridis
Anolis gingivinus
A.oculatus
A. griseus
Alligator missisipiensis
Ardea herodias
Calomys musculinus
Rattus rattus
Peromyscus maniculatus
P. floridanus
P. guardia
P. interparietalis
Myotis velifer
Macaca tuscata
Homo sapiens
Insect speciesHymenoptera species
Drosophila species
Invertebrate species
Fish species
Amphibian species
Reptilian species
Avian species
Mammalian species
Vertebrate species
averages for all investigated animal species are H
= 0.10 and P = 0.35. The probability that two
individuals carry identical alleles at z loci is given
by:
W= (I-H)'
(4.4)
H value
Reference
0.472
[294]
0.066
[233]
0.094
[125]
0.041
[125]
0.195
[125]
0.000
[331]
0.209
[55]
0.064
[331]
0.040
[125]
0.057
[125]
0.145
[331]
0.294
[125]
0.228
[294]
0.194
[52]
0.135
[52]
0.115
[30]
0.076
[428]
0.180
[331]
0.090
[331]
0.071
[331]
0.054
[125]
0.053
[125]
0.018
[125]
0.002
[125]
0.044
[125]
0.147
[125]
0.100
[294]
0.050
[294]
0.020
[294]
0.021
[294]
0.007
[154]
0.201
[127]
0.044
[125]
0.128
[294]
0.062
[294]
0.014
[294]
0.000
[294]
0.152
[125]
0.013
[294]
0.143
[294]
0.107[151]
0.036[151]
0.157[341]
0.134[17]
0.058[341]
0.1OS'
[341]
0.043[341]
0.031[341]
0.039[341]
0.060[17]
With H = 0.10 and z = 10\ W = 10-458; thus, with
the exception of identical (single-egg) twins, no
two individuals can ever be genetically identical
and therefore the genetic concept of the "wild
type" is questionable.
4 Molecular Evolution
Table 4.8. Protein polymorphism in various animal species and groups as represented by the average heterozygosity H
(p. 131) of at least 20 loci
Group
Bacteria
Nematoda
Phoronida
Echinodermata
Mollusca
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Insecta
Agnatha
Telostei
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
188
30
38
57
31
3
9
3
25
68
_ Mean values.
Species
Escherichia coli
Ascaris suum
Phoronopsis viridis
Asterias forbesi
Nerchaster aciculosus
Rumina decollata
Tridacna maxima
Limulus polyphemus
Homarus american us
Euphausia superba
Gryllus integer
Otiorhynchus scaber
Drosophila paulistorum
D. melanogaster
D. simulans
Musca domestica
Lampetra planeri
Fundulus heteroclitus
Zoarces viviparus
Mugil cephalus
Gillichthys mirabilis
Menidia menidia
Sebastes caurinus
Mylopharodon conocephalus
Plethodon cine reus
Bufo viridis
Anolis gingivinus
A.oculatus
A. griseus
Alligator missisipiensis
Ardea herodias
Calomys musculinus
Rattus rattus
Peromyscus maniculatus
P. floridanus
P. guardia
P. interparietalis
Myotis velifer
Macaca tuscata
Homo sapiens
Insect speciesHymenoptera species
Drosophila species
Invertebrate species
Fish species
Amphibian species
Reptilian species
Avian species
Mammalian species
Vertebrate species
averages for all investigated animal species are H
= 0.10 and P = 0.35. The probability that two
individuals carry identical alleles at z loci is given
by:
W= (I-H)'
(4.4)
H value
Reference
0.472
[294]
0.066
[233]
0.094
[125]
0.041
[125]
0.195
[125]
0.000
[331]
0.209
[55]
0.064
[331]
0.040
[125]
0.057
[125]
0.145
[331]
0.294
[125]
0.228
[294]
0.194
[52]
0.135
[52]
0.115
[30]
0.076
[428]
0.180
[331]
0.090
[331]
0.071
[331]
0.054
[125]
0.053
[125]
0.018
[125]
0.002
[125]
0.044
[125]
0.147
[125]
0.100
[294]
0.050
[294]
0.020
[294]
0.021
[294]
0.007
[154]
0.201
[127]
0.044
[125]
0.128
[294]
0.062
[294]
0.014
[294]
0.000
[294]
0.152
[125]
0.013
[294]
0.143
[294]
0.107[151]
0.036[151]
0.157[341]
0.134[17]
0.058[341]
0.1OS'
[341]
0.043[341]
0.031[341]
0.039[341]
0.060[17]
With H = 0.10 and z = 10\ W = 10-458; thus, with
the exception of identical (single-egg) twins, no
two individuals can ever be genetically identical
and therefore the genetic concept of the "wild
type" is questionable.