XIV
Contents
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.8.1
8.8.2
8.9
8.9.1
8.9.2
8.9.3
9
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.4
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Hormones
of the Adenohypophysis . . . . . . . . 294
Glycoproteins
of the Adenohypophysis . . . . . . . . 294
Pro-Opiomelanocortins . . . . . . . . . 295
Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Growth Hormone, Prolactin
and Lactogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Hormones of the Stomach, Intestine
and Pancreas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
The Gastrin-Cholecystokinin
Family .................... 297
The Insulin Family. . . . . . . . . . . . 298
The Glucagon-Secretin Family . . . . 300
The Family of Pancreas
Polypeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Peptides Regulating Blood
Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Calcitonins and Parathormone . . . . 303
Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Peptide Hormones
ofInvertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Peptide Hormones of Molluscs . . . . 305
Peptide Hormones of Arthropods . . 307
Hormone Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . 308
G-Protein-Linked Receptors ..... 309
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. . 311
Insulin Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
References ................. 311
Toxic Proteins and Peptides . .... 319
Snake Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
The Toxins of Snake Venoms . . . . . 320
Enzymes and Other Protein
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Proteotoxins of Other Vertebrates . . 324
Arthropod Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . 325
The Venoms of Scorpions
and Other Arachnids . . . . . . . . . . 325
Insect Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Proteotoxins of Other
Invertebrates ................ 327
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Proteins of Muscle
and the Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . 331
Calcium Regulation
of the Actomyosin System . . . . . . . 332
Molecular Heterogeneity of Skeletal
Muscle Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Myosins ................... 335
Actins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Actin-Binding Proteins ......... 342
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.8.1
10.8.2
10.9
10.10
Tropomyosins and Troponins . . . . . 344
Paramyosins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Calcium-Binding Proteins ....... 347
Calmodulins ................ 347
Other Calcium-Binding Proteins ... 349
Microtubule Proteins . . . . . . . . . . 352
Proteins of Intermediary
Filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
10.10.1 C;ytokeratins ................ 356
10.10.2 Proteins of Other Intermediary
Filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.10.3 Lamins ................... 359
10.11 Further Intracellular Structural
10.12
11
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
12
Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Lens Proteins (Crystallins). . . . . . . 363
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Extracellular Structural
and Secretory Proteins . . . . . . . . 376
Fibronectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Collagens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Vertebrate Collagens . . . . . . . . . . 378
Invertebrate Collagens . . . . . . . . . 383
Matrix Proteins of Calcifying
Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Elastic Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Albumen Proteins of Birds
and Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Milk Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Caseins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Whey Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Proteins of the Arthropod
Cuticula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Chorion Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Silk Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Insect Secretory Proteins. . . . . . . . 397
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Small Nitrogenous Compounds . . 403
12.1
Free Amino Acids ............ 403
12.1.1 The Chemical Nature
of Free Amino Acids .. . . . . . . . . 403
12.1.2 Concentration and Spectrum
of the Free Amino Acids . . . . . . . . 405
12.1.3 Osmotic Functions
of Small Nitrogenous Compounds . . 407
12.2
Nutritional Aspects
of Amino Acid Metabolism . . . . . . 409
12.3
End Products
of Nitrogen Metabolism ........ 410
12.4
Nitrogen Metabolism
of the Amino Acids ........... 413
12.4.1 L-Amino Acid Oxidases ......... 414
Contents
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.8.1
8.8.2
8.9
8.9.1
8.9.2
8.9.3
9
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.4
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Hormones
of the Adenohypophysis . . . . . . . . 294
Glycoproteins
of the Adenohypophysis . . . . . . . . 294
Pro-Opiomelanocortins . . . . . . . . . 295
Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Growth Hormone, Prolactin
and Lactogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Hormones of the Stomach, Intestine
and Pancreas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
The Gastrin-Cholecystokinin
Family .................... 297
The Insulin Family. . . . . . . . . . . . 298
The Glucagon-Secretin Family . . . . 300
The Family of Pancreas
Polypeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Peptides Regulating Blood
Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Calcitonins and Parathormone . . . . 303
Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Peptide Hormones
ofInvertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Peptide Hormones of Molluscs . . . . 305
Peptide Hormones of Arthropods . . 307
Hormone Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . 308
G-Protein-Linked Receptors ..... 309
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. . 311
Insulin Receptors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
References ................. 311
Toxic Proteins and Peptides . .... 319
Snake Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
The Toxins of Snake Venoms . . . . . 320
Enzymes and Other Protein
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Proteotoxins of Other Vertebrates . . 324
Arthropod Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . 325
The Venoms of Scorpions
and Other Arachnids . . . . . . . . . . 325
Insect Venoms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Proteotoxins of Other
Invertebrates ................ 327
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Proteins of Muscle
and the Cytoskeleton . . . . . . . . . 331
Calcium Regulation
of the Actomyosin System . . . . . . . 332
Molecular Heterogeneity of Skeletal
Muscle Fibres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Myosins ................... 335
Actins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Actin-Binding Proteins ......... 342
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.8.1
10.8.2
10.9
10.10
Tropomyosins and Troponins . . . . . 344
Paramyosins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Calcium-Binding Proteins ....... 347
Calmodulins ................ 347
Other Calcium-Binding Proteins ... 349
Microtubule Proteins . . . . . . . . . . 352
Proteins of Intermediary
Filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
10.10.1 C;ytokeratins ................ 356
10.10.2 Proteins of Other Intermediary
Filaments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
10.10.3 Lamins ................... 359
10.11 Further Intracellular Structural
10.12
11
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.6.1
11.6.2
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
12
Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Lens Proteins (Crystallins). . . . . . . 363
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Extracellular Structural
and Secretory Proteins . . . . . . . . 376
Fibronectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Collagens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Vertebrate Collagens . . . . . . . . . . 378
Invertebrate Collagens . . . . . . . . . 383
Matrix Proteins of Calcifying
Tissues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Elastic Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Albumen Proteins of Birds
and Reptiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Milk Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Caseins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Whey Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Proteins of the Arthropod
Cuticula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Chorion Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Silk Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Insect Secretory Proteins. . . . . . . . 397
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Small Nitrogenous Compounds . . 403
12.1
Free Amino Acids ............ 403
12.1.1 The Chemical Nature
of Free Amino Acids .. . . . . . . . . 403
12.1.2 Concentration and Spectrum
of the Free Amino Acids . . . . . . . . 405
12.1.3 Osmotic Functions
of Small Nitrogenous Compounds . . 407
12.2
Nutritional Aspects
of Amino Acid Metabolism . . . . . . 409
12.3
End Products
of Nitrogen Metabolism ........ 410
12.4
Nitrogen Metabolism
of the Amino Acids ........... 413
12.4.1 L-Amino Acid Oxidases ......... 414