4.8
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.9
5.10
5.11
6
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.4
Palaeobiochemistry ........... 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Plasma Proteins, Yolk Proteins
and Metal-Binding Proteins . .... 184
The Variety of Plasma Proteins. . . . 184
Plasma Proteins of Vertebrates . . . . 184
Plasma Proteins of Invertebrates. . . 186
Serum Albumin
and u-Fetoprotein . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Plasma Proteins with Special
Binding and Transport Functions. . . 188
Transferrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Haptoglobin and Haemopexin . . . . 189
Caeruloplasmin and Pre-Albumins .. 190
Acute-Phase Proteins .......... 190
Larval Haemolymph Proteins
of Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Plasma Lipoproteins. . . . . . . . . . . 192
Plasma Lipoproteins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Plasma Lipoproteins of Insects
and Other Invertebrates . . . . . . . . 195
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins. . . . 197
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Crustaceans and Other
Invertebrates ................ 201
Blood Clotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Blood Clotting in Vertebrates . . . . . 202
Blood Clotting in Arthropods. . . . . 206
Antifreeze Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Metallothioneins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Ferritins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Immunoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Immunoglobulin
Super-Family ................ 221
Immunoglobulins. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Basic Structure
of Immunoglobulins . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Variety of Immunoglobulins. . . 224
Comparative Biochemistry of
Immunoglobulins. . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Evolution
of the Immunoglobulins . . . . . . . . 227
T Cell Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
MHC Antigens
and BrMicroglobulins .......... 228
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9.1
6.9.2
6.9.3
6.9.4
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Contents
XIII
Cytokines and Interferons . . . . . . . 230
The Complement System. . . . . . . . 232
Lectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Humoral Defence in Invertebrates .. 236
Immune-Reactive Proteins
of the Cell Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Cell-Adhesion Molecules
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Cell-Binding Proteins
ofInvertebrates .............. 239
The Variable Surface Glycoproteins
of the Trypanosomes. . . . . . . . . . . 240
Surface Proteins of Other
Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Respiratory Pigments. . . . . . . . . 249
The Haemoglobins and Myoglobins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
The Structure of Haemoglobin . . . . 251
Ligand Binding and Cooperativity. . 253
Heterotropic Interactions ........ 255
Temperature Effects
and Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
The Gene Families of Vertebrate
Haemoglobins ............... 260
Myoglobins ................. 264
Methaemoglobin Formation
and Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Invertebrate Haemoglobins
and Chlorocruorins . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Annelids, Pogonophora
and Echiurids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Haemoglobins of the Molluscs . . . . 270
Haemoglobins of the Crustaceans . . 272
Haemoglobins of the Insects . . . . . 273
Haemoglobins of Other
Invertebrates ................ 274
Haemocyanins ............... 275
Haemocyanins of the Arthropods .. 276
Haemocyanins of the Molluscs . . . . 279
Haemerythrins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Peptide Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . 288
Hormones
of the Neurohypophysis ......... 290
Hormones of the Hypothalamus
and Urophysis ............... 292
Release and Release-Inhibiting
Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Peptides from the Hypothalamus,
Gut and Frog Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Hormones of the Urophysis ...... 294
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.9
5.10
5.11
6
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
6.4
Palaeobiochemistry ........... 170
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Plasma Proteins, Yolk Proteins
and Metal-Binding Proteins . .... 184
The Variety of Plasma Proteins. . . . 184
Plasma Proteins of Vertebrates . . . . 184
Plasma Proteins of Invertebrates. . . 186
Serum Albumin
and u-Fetoprotein . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Plasma Proteins with Special
Binding and Transport Functions. . . 188
Transferrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Haptoglobin and Haemopexin . . . . 189
Caeruloplasmin and Pre-Albumins .. 190
Acute-Phase Proteins .......... 190
Larval Haemolymph Proteins
of Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Plasma Lipoproteins. . . . . . . . . . . 192
Plasma Lipoproteins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Plasma Lipoproteins of Insects
and Other Invertebrates . . . . . . . . 195
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins. . . . 197
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
of Crustaceans and Other
Invertebrates ................ 201
Blood Clotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Blood Clotting in Vertebrates . . . . . 202
Blood Clotting in Arthropods. . . . . 206
Antifreeze Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Metallothioneins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Ferritins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Immunoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Immunoglobulin
Super-Family ................ 221
Immunoglobulins. . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Basic Structure
of Immunoglobulins . . . . . . . . . . . 222
The Variety of Immunoglobulins. . . 224
Comparative Biochemistry of
Immunoglobulins. . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Evolution
of the Immunoglobulins . . . . . . . . 227
T Cell Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
MHC Antigens
and BrMicroglobulins .......... 228
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.9.1
6.9.2
6.9.3
6.9.4
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
7.1.7
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.2.5
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.4
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Contents
XIII
Cytokines and Interferons . . . . . . . 230
The Complement System. . . . . . . . 232
Lectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Humoral Defence in Invertebrates .. 236
Immune-Reactive Proteins
of the Cell Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Cell-Adhesion Molecules
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Cell-Binding Proteins
ofInvertebrates .............. 239
The Variable Surface Glycoproteins
of the Trypanosomes. . . . . . . . . . . 240
Surface Proteins of Other
Protozoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Respiratory Pigments. . . . . . . . . 249
The Haemoglobins and Myoglobins
of Vertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
The Structure of Haemoglobin . . . . 251
Ligand Binding and Cooperativity. . 253
Heterotropic Interactions ........ 255
Temperature Effects
and Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
The Gene Families of Vertebrate
Haemoglobins ............... 260
Myoglobins ................. 264
Methaemoglobin Formation
and Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Invertebrate Haemoglobins
and Chlorocruorins . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Annelids, Pogonophora
and Echiurids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Haemoglobins of the Molluscs . . . . 270
Haemoglobins of the Crustaceans . . 272
Haemoglobins of the Insects . . . . . 273
Haemoglobins of Other
Invertebrates ................ 274
Haemocyanins ............... 275
Haemocyanins of the Arthropods .. 276
Haemocyanins of the Molluscs . . . . 279
Haemerythrins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Peptide Hormones. . . . . . . . . . . 288
Hormones
of the Neurohypophysis ......... 290
Hormones of the Hypothalamus
and Urophysis ............... 292
Release and Release-Inhibiting
Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Peptides from the Hypothalamus,
Gut and Frog Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Hormones of the Urophysis ...... 294