Chapter 25 Seagrass Conservation Biology
623
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997) Experimental
evidence for apical dominance in the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa (Ucria). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148: 263–268
Terrados J, Duarte CM, Fortes MD, Borum J, Agawin NSR, Bach
S, Thampanya U, Kamp-Nielsen L, Kenworthy WJ, GeertzHansen O and Vermaat J (1998) Changes in community structure and biomass of seagrass communities along gradients of
siltation in SE Asia. Est Coast Shelf Sci 46: 757–768
Thayer GW, Kenworthy WJ and Fonseca MS (1984) The ecology of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast: A community
profile. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/02
Thom RM, Simenstead CA, Olson AM, Wyllie-Echeverria S,
Cordell JR and Norris J (1998) Summary on future mitigation strategies and research. In: Simenstead CA, Thom RM
and Olson AM (eds) Mitigating Potential Impacts of Ferry
Terminal Siting and Design on Eelgrass Habitat, pp 91–96.
Washington Sea Grant, Seattle, WA
Tomasko D and Lapointe B (1991) Productivity and biomass
of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient
availability and epiphyte levels: Field observations and experimental studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 76: 9–17
Turner NJ, Ignace MB and Ignace R (2000) Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British
Columbia. Ecol Appl 10(5): 1275–1287
Uhrin AV and Holmquist JG (2003) Effects of propeller scarring
on macrofaunal use of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 250: 61–70
United States National Marine Fisheries Service, September 14,
1998, FR 49035
Virnstein RW (2000) Seagrass management in Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Dealing with issues of scale. Pac Conserv Biol
5: 299–305
Virnstein RW and Morris LJ (1996) Seagrass preservation and
restoration: A diagnostic Plan for the Indian River Lagoon.
Technical Memorandum #14. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, FL
Wachenfeld DR, Oliver JK and Morrissey JI (1998) State of the
Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park Authority Townsville, p 139
Walker DI and Kendrick GA (1998) Threats to macroalgal
diversity: Introduced species. Botanica Marina 41(1): 105–
122
Ward TJ (1989) The accumulation and effects of metals in seagrass habitats. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: A Treatise on the Biology of
Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region,
pp 797–820. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Waycott M (2000) Genetic factors in the conservation of seagrasses. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 269–276
Waycott M and Barnes PAG (2001) AFLP diversity within and
between populations of the Caribbean seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). Mar Biol 139: 1021–1028
Waycott M, Freshwater WD, York RA, Calladine A and
Kenworthy WJ (2002) Evolutionary trends in the seagrass
genus Halophila (Thouars): Insights from molecular phylogeny. Bull Mar Sci 71: 1299–1308
Western D (1992) The biodiversity crisis: A challenge for biology. Oikos 63: 29–38
Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Durako M, Hammerstrom K and
Merello M (2004) The role of Thalassia testudinum seedlings
in the recovery of physically disturbed seagrass beds. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 267: 121–131
Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Hammerstrom KK and Fonseca
MS (2002) The role of storms in the expansion of disturbances
initiated by motor vessels in subtropical seagrass banks. J
Coastal Res 37: 86–99
Whitt M (1988) Black Brant. Contained in a group of poems
titled La Ventana. La Ventana Press, Inverness CA, USA
Williams NM and Hunn ES (1982) Resource Managers: North
American and Australian Hunter-Gathers. AAAS, Globe
Press, Melbourne
Williams SL (1990) Experimental studies of Caribbean seagrass
bed development. Ecol Monogr 60(4): 449–469
Williams SL and Grosholz ED (2002) Preliminary reports from
the Caulerpa taxifolia invasion in southern California. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 233: 307–310
Wu RSS, Cheung RYH and Shin PKS (1998) The ‘Beneficial
Uses’ approach in coastal management in Hong Kong: A
compromise between rapid urban development and sustainable development. Ocean Coast Manage 41(1): 89–102
Wyllie-Echeverria S and Cox PA (1999) The seagrass (Zostera
marina [Zosteraceae]) industry of Nova Scotia (1907–1960).
Econ Bot 53(4): 419–426
Wyllie-Echeverria S and Ackerman JD (2003) The seagrasses of
The Pacific Coast of North America. In: Green EP and Short
FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 199–206. University
of California Press, Berkeley
Wyllie-Echeverria S, Arzel P and Cox PA (2000) Seagrass conservation: Lessons from ethnobotany. Pac Conserv Biol 5:
329–335
Wyllie-Echeverria S, Cox PA, Churchill AC, Brotherson JD
and Wyllie-Echeverria T (2003) Seed size variation within
Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae). Bot J Linnean Soc 142: 281–
288
Zieman JC (1972) Origin of circular beds of Thalassia (Spermatophyta:Hydrocharitaceae) in South Biscayne Bay, Florida
and their relationship to mangrove hammocks. Bull Mar Sci
22: 559–574
623
Terrados J, Duarte CM and Kenworthy WJ (1997) Experimental
evidence for apical dominance in the seagrass Cymodocea
nodosa (Ucria). Mar Ecol Prog Ser 148: 263–268
Terrados J, Duarte CM, Fortes MD, Borum J, Agawin NSR, Bach
S, Thampanya U, Kamp-Nielsen L, Kenworthy WJ, GeertzHansen O and Vermaat J (1998) Changes in community structure and biomass of seagrass communities along gradients of
siltation in SE Asia. Est Coast Shelf Sci 46: 757–768
Thayer GW, Kenworthy WJ and Fonseca MS (1984) The ecology of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast: A community
profile. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/02
Thom RM, Simenstead CA, Olson AM, Wyllie-Echeverria S,
Cordell JR and Norris J (1998) Summary on future mitigation strategies and research. In: Simenstead CA, Thom RM
and Olson AM (eds) Mitigating Potential Impacts of Ferry
Terminal Siting and Design on Eelgrass Habitat, pp 91–96.
Washington Sea Grant, Seattle, WA
Tomasko D and Lapointe B (1991) Productivity and biomass
of Thalassia testudinum as related to water column nutrient
availability and epiphyte levels: Field observations and experimental studies. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 76: 9–17
Turner NJ, Ignace MB and Ignace R (2000) Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British
Columbia. Ecol Appl 10(5): 1275–1287
Uhrin AV and Holmquist JG (2003) Effects of propeller scarring
on macrofaunal use of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 250: 61–70
United States National Marine Fisheries Service, September 14,
1998, FR 49035
Virnstein RW (2000) Seagrass management in Indian River Lagoon, Florida: Dealing with issues of scale. Pac Conserv Biol
5: 299–305
Virnstein RW and Morris LJ (1996) Seagrass preservation and
restoration: A diagnostic Plan for the Indian River Lagoon.
Technical Memorandum #14. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, FL
Wachenfeld DR, Oliver JK and Morrissey JI (1998) State of the
Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park Authority Townsville, p 139
Walker DI and Kendrick GA (1998) Threats to macroalgal
diversity: Introduced species. Botanica Marina 41(1): 105–
122
Ward TJ (1989) The accumulation and effects of metals in seagrass habitats. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses: A Treatise on the Biology of
Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region,
pp 797–820. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Waycott M (2000) Genetic factors in the conservation of seagrasses. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 269–276
Waycott M and Barnes PAG (2001) AFLP diversity within and
between populations of the Caribbean seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). Mar Biol 139: 1021–1028
Waycott M, Freshwater WD, York RA, Calladine A and
Kenworthy WJ (2002) Evolutionary trends in the seagrass
genus Halophila (Thouars): Insights from molecular phylogeny. Bull Mar Sci 71: 1299–1308
Western D (1992) The biodiversity crisis: A challenge for biology. Oikos 63: 29–38
Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Durako M, Hammerstrom K and
Merello M (2004) The role of Thalassia testudinum seedlings
in the recovery of physically disturbed seagrass beds. Mar Ecol
Prog Ser 267: 121–131
Whitfield PE, Kenworthy WJ, Hammerstrom KK and Fonseca
MS (2002) The role of storms in the expansion of disturbances
initiated by motor vessels in subtropical seagrass banks. J
Coastal Res 37: 86–99
Whitt M (1988) Black Brant. Contained in a group of poems
titled La Ventana. La Ventana Press, Inverness CA, USA
Williams NM and Hunn ES (1982) Resource Managers: North
American and Australian Hunter-Gathers. AAAS, Globe
Press, Melbourne
Williams SL (1990) Experimental studies of Caribbean seagrass
bed development. Ecol Monogr 60(4): 449–469
Williams SL and Grosholz ED (2002) Preliminary reports from
the Caulerpa taxifolia invasion in southern California. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 233: 307–310
Wu RSS, Cheung RYH and Shin PKS (1998) The ‘Beneficial
Uses’ approach in coastal management in Hong Kong: A
compromise between rapid urban development and sustainable development. Ocean Coast Manage 41(1): 89–102
Wyllie-Echeverria S and Cox PA (1999) The seagrass (Zostera
marina [Zosteraceae]) industry of Nova Scotia (1907–1960).
Econ Bot 53(4): 419–426
Wyllie-Echeverria S and Ackerman JD (2003) The seagrasses of
The Pacific Coast of North America. In: Green EP and Short
FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses, pp 199–206. University
of California Press, Berkeley
Wyllie-Echeverria S, Arzel P and Cox PA (2000) Seagrass conservation: Lessons from ethnobotany. Pac Conserv Biol 5:
329–335
Wyllie-Echeverria S, Cox PA, Churchill AC, Brotherson JD
and Wyllie-Echeverria T (2003) Seed size variation within
Zostera marina L. (Zosteraceae). Bot J Linnean Soc 142: 281–
288
Zieman JC (1972) Origin of circular beds of Thalassia (Spermatophyta:Hydrocharitaceae) in South Biscayne Bay, Florida
and their relationship to mangrove hammocks. Bull Mar Sci
22: 559–574