Chapter 24 Human Impacts on Seagrasses
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Table 1. Recent experimental studies investigating the contribution of eutrophication, sedimentation and contamination toward the decline of seagrass condition
and survival.
Impact type
Species
Location
Endpoint
Reference
Nutrients
Water column
nutrients
Z. marina, Halodule
wrightii, R. maritima
SE (North Carolina) USA
Survival, growth, shoot density
Burkholder et al. (1992, 1994)
Zostera marina
NE (New Hampshire) USA
Growth, morphology
Short et al. (1995)
Z. marina
SW Netherlands
Survival, morph, phenolics
van Katwijk et al. (1997)
Z. marina
E (Chesapeake Bay) USA
Growth
Moore and Wetzel (2000)
Z. noltii
C´ adiz Bay, Spain
Growth, production
Brun et al. (2002)
Sediment nutrients
Cymodocea serrulata, H.
uninervis, Z. capricorni
E (Moreton Bay) Australia
Growth, morphology, physiology,
Udy and Dennison (1997b)
Halodule uninervis
NE (Green Island) Australia
Growth, morph, physiology
Udy et al. (1999)
Sediments
Turbidity
Halophila ovalis, H.
pinifolia
Gulf of Carpenteria, Australia
Survival, morphology, physiology
Longstaff and Dennison (1999)
Z. marina
NE (Chesapeake Bay) USA
Growth
Moore and Wetzel (2000)
Sedimentation
C. rotundata, C. serrulata,
E. acoroides, Halodule
uninervis, S. isoetifolium,
T. hemprichii
Philippines
Survival, morphology
Duarte et al. (1997)
Herbicides
Atrazine
Z. marina
NE (Chesapeake Bay), USA
Photosynthesis
Correll and Wu (1982)
Z. marina
NE (Chesapeake Bay), USA
Growth, mortality
Delistraty and Hershner (1984)
H. ovalis
E Australia
Fluorescence
Ralph (2000)
Z. marina
NE (Chesapeake Bay), USA
Growth
Schwarzschild et al. (1994)
Z. capricorni
E Australia
Fluorescence
Macinnis and Ralph (2003a)
DCMU (Diuron)
H. ovalis
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Ralph (2000)
H. ovalis, Z. capricorni,
C. serrulata
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Haynes et al. (2000b)
Z. capricorni
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Macinnis and Ralph (2003a)
Irgarol
Z. marina
UK
Fluorescence
Scarlett et al. (1999)
Z. capricorni
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Macinnis and Ralph (2003a, 2004)
Glyphosate
H. ovalis
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Ralph (2000)
Simazine
H. ovalis
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Ralph (2000)
Heavy metals
Copper
H. ovalis
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Ralph and Burchett (1998)
H. ovalis, H. spinulosa,
Halodule univervis, Z.
capricorni, C. serrulata
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Prange and Dennison (2000)
Z. capricorni
E. Australia
Fluorescence
Macinnis-Ng and Ralph (2002, 2004)
Z. capricorni
E. Australia
Photosynthesis
Conroy et al. (1991)
(continued )