458
Michael A. Borowitzka, Paul Lavery, and Mike van Keulen
seagrass beds: An experimental test. Ecology 82: 2417–
2434
Edgar GJ and Robertson AI (1992) The influence of seagrass structure on the distribution and abundance of mobile
epifauna—Pattern and process in a Western Australian Amphibolis bed. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 160: 13–31
Fong CW, Lee SY and Wu RSS (2000) The effects of epiphytic
algae and their grazers on the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica. Aquat Bot 67: 251–261
Fonseca MS (1996) Scale dependence in the study of seagrass
systems. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H
(eds) Seagrass Biology, pp 95–104. University of Western
Australia, Perth
Fonseca MS, Fisher JC, Zieman JC and Thayer GW (1982) Influence of seagrass Zostera marina L., on current flow. Estuar
Coast Shelf Sci 15: 351–364
Frankovich TA and Fourquean JW (1997) Seagrass epiphyte
loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, USA.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159: 37–50
Frankovich TA and Zieman JC (1994) Total epiphyte and epiphytic carbonate production on Thalassia testudinum across
Florida Bay. Bull Mar Sci 54: 679–695
Gacia E, Littler MM and Littler DS (1999) An experimental
test of the capacity of food web interactions (fish–epiphytes–
seagrasses) to offset the negative consequences of eutrophication on seagrass communities. Est Coast Shelf Sci 48: 757–766
Gallegos CL, Correll DL and Pierce JW (1991) Modeling
spectral light available to submerged aquatic vegetation. In:
Kenworthy WJ and Hauner DE (eds). The light requirements
of seagrasses. Proceedings of a workshop to examine the capability of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring
programs to protect seagrasses. NOAA Technical memorandum NMFS-SEFC-287, pp 114–126
Goering JJ and Parke PL (1972) Nitrogen fixation by epiphytes
on sea grasses. Limnol Oceanogr 17: 320–323
Hamamoto K and Mukai H (1999) Effects of larval settlement and post-settlement mortality on the distribution pattern and abundance of the spirorbid tube worm Neodexiospira
brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta) living on seagrass leaves.
PSZN I: Mar Ecol 20: 251–272
Harder T, Lam C and PY Qian (2002) Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by marine biofilms:
An investigation of monospecific diatom films as settlement
cues. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 229: 105–112
Harlin MM (1973) ‘Obligate’ algal epiphyte, Smithora naiadum
grows on a synthetic substrate. J Phycol 9: 230–232
Harlin MM (1980) Seagrass epiphytes. In: Phillips RC and
McRoy CP (eds) Handbook of Seagrass Biology, pp 117–151.
Garland STPM Press, New York
Harrison PG and Durance CD (1985) Reductions in photosynthetic carbon uptake in epiphytic diatoms by watersoluble extracts of leaves of Zostera marina. Mar Biol 90:
117–119
Hauxwell J, Cebri´ an J and Valiela I (2003) Eelgrass Zostera marina loss in temperate estuaries: Relationship to land-derived
nitrogen loads and effect of light limitation imposed by algae.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 247: 59–73
Heck KL, Pennock JR, Valentine JF, Coen LD and Sklenar SA
(2000) Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: An experimental assessment.
Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1041–1057
Heijs FML (1984) Annual biomass and production of epiphytes
in three monospecific seagrass communities of Thalassia
hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. Aquat Bot 20: 195–218
Heijs FML (1985a) The seasonal distribution and community structure of the epiphytic algae on Thalassia hemprichii
(Ehrenb.) Aschers. from Papua New Guinea. Aquat Bot 21:
295–324
Heijs FML (1985b) Some structural and functional aspects
of the epiphytic component of four seagrass species (Cymodoceoideae) from Papua New Guinea. Aquat Bot 23:
225–247
Hemminga MA, Gwada P, Slim FJ, de Koyeyer P and Kazungu J
(1995) Leaf production and nutrient contents of the seagrass
Thalassodendron ciliatum in the proximity of a mangrove forest (Gazi Bay, Kenya). Aquat Bot 50: 159–170
Herbert DA (1986) The growth dynamics of Halophila hawaiiana. Aquat Bot 23: 351–360
Hillman K (1987) The production ecology of the seagrass
Halophila ovalis in the Swan-Canning estuary. In: John J (ed)
Swan River Estuary, Ecology and Management, pp 102–116.
Environmental Studies Group, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia
Hootsmans MJM and Vermaat JE (1985) The effect of
periphyton-grazing by three epifaunal species on the growth
of Zostera marina L. under experimental conditions. Aquat
Bot 22: 83–88
Horner SMJ (1987) Similarity of epiphyte biomass distribution
on Posidonia and artificial seagrass leaves. Aquat Bot 27: 159–
167
Hughes RG, Johnson S and Smith ID (1991a) The growth patterns of some hydroids that are obligate epiphytes of seagrass
leaves. Hydrobiologia 216: 205–210
Hughes RG, Rubies AG and Gili JM (1991b) The growth and
degeneration of the hydroid Sertularia perpusilla, an obligate
epiphyte of leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Hydrobiologia 216: 211–214
Ierodiaconou DA and Laurenson LJB (2002) Estimates of
Heterozostera tasmanica, Zostera muelleri and Ruppia
megacarpa distribution and biomass in the Hopkins Estuary,
Western Victoria, by GIS. Aust J Bot 50: 215–228
Iizumi H and Yamamuro M (2000) Nitrogen fixation by periphytic blue-green algae in a seagrass bed on the Great Barrier
Reef. Jap Agric Res Q 34: 69–73
Jacobs RPWM, Hermelink PM and Van Geel G (1983) Epiphytic
algae on eelgrass at Roscoff, France. Aquat Bot 15: 157–
173
Jagtap TG (1998) Structure of major seagrass beds from three
coral reef atolls of Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, India. Aquat
Bot 60: 397–408
Jernakoff P and Nielsen J (1997) The relative importance of amphipod and gastropod grazers in Posidonia sinuosa meadows.
Aquat Bot 56: 183–202
Jernakoff P and Nielsen J (1998) Plant–animal associations in
two species of seagrasses of Western Australia. Aquat Bot 60:
359–376
Jernakoff P, Brearley B and Nielsen J (1996) Factors affecting
grazer–epiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 34: 109–162.
Johnstone IM (1979) Papua New Guinea seagrasses and aspects
of the biology and growth of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle.
Aquat Bot 7: 197–208
Michael A. Borowitzka, Paul Lavery, and Mike van Keulen
seagrass beds: An experimental test. Ecology 82: 2417–
2434
Edgar GJ and Robertson AI (1992) The influence of seagrass structure on the distribution and abundance of mobile
epifauna—Pattern and process in a Western Australian Amphibolis bed. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 160: 13–31
Fong CW, Lee SY and Wu RSS (2000) The effects of epiphytic
algae and their grazers on the intertidal seagrass Zostera japonica. Aquat Bot 67: 251–261
Fonseca MS (1996) Scale dependence in the study of seagrass
systems. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H
(eds) Seagrass Biology, pp 95–104. University of Western
Australia, Perth
Fonseca MS, Fisher JC, Zieman JC and Thayer GW (1982) Influence of seagrass Zostera marina L., on current flow. Estuar
Coast Shelf Sci 15: 351–364
Frankovich TA and Fourquean JW (1997) Seagrass epiphyte
loads along a nutrient availability gradient, Florida Bay, USA.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 159: 37–50
Frankovich TA and Zieman JC (1994) Total epiphyte and epiphytic carbonate production on Thalassia testudinum across
Florida Bay. Bull Mar Sci 54: 679–695
Gacia E, Littler MM and Littler DS (1999) An experimental
test of the capacity of food web interactions (fish–epiphytes–
seagrasses) to offset the negative consequences of eutrophication on seagrass communities. Est Coast Shelf Sci 48: 757–766
Gallegos CL, Correll DL and Pierce JW (1991) Modeling
spectral light available to submerged aquatic vegetation. In:
Kenworthy WJ and Hauner DE (eds). The light requirements
of seagrasses. Proceedings of a workshop to examine the capability of water quality criteria, standards and monitoring
programs to protect seagrasses. NOAA Technical memorandum NMFS-SEFC-287, pp 114–126
Goering JJ and Parke PL (1972) Nitrogen fixation by epiphytes
on sea grasses. Limnol Oceanogr 17: 320–323
Hamamoto K and Mukai H (1999) Effects of larval settlement and post-settlement mortality on the distribution pattern and abundance of the spirorbid tube worm Neodexiospira
brasiliensis (Grube) (Polychaeta) living on seagrass leaves.
PSZN I: Mar Ecol 20: 251–272
Harder T, Lam C and PY Qian (2002) Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by marine biofilms:
An investigation of monospecific diatom films as settlement
cues. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 229: 105–112
Harlin MM (1973) ‘Obligate’ algal epiphyte, Smithora naiadum
grows on a synthetic substrate. J Phycol 9: 230–232
Harlin MM (1980) Seagrass epiphytes. In: Phillips RC and
McRoy CP (eds) Handbook of Seagrass Biology, pp 117–151.
Garland STPM Press, New York
Harrison PG and Durance CD (1985) Reductions in photosynthetic carbon uptake in epiphytic diatoms by watersoluble extracts of leaves of Zostera marina. Mar Biol 90:
117–119
Hauxwell J, Cebri´ an J and Valiela I (2003) Eelgrass Zostera marina loss in temperate estuaries: Relationship to land-derived
nitrogen loads and effect of light limitation imposed by algae.
Mar Ecol Prog Ser 247: 59–73
Heck KL, Pennock JR, Valentine JF, Coen LD and Sklenar SA
(2000) Effects of nutrient enrichment and small predator density on seagrass ecosystems: An experimental assessment.
Limnol Oceanogr 45: 1041–1057
Heijs FML (1984) Annual biomass and production of epiphytes
in three monospecific seagrass communities of Thalassia
hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. Aquat Bot 20: 195–218
Heijs FML (1985a) The seasonal distribution and community structure of the epiphytic algae on Thalassia hemprichii
(Ehrenb.) Aschers. from Papua New Guinea. Aquat Bot 21:
295–324
Heijs FML (1985b) Some structural and functional aspects
of the epiphytic component of four seagrass species (Cymodoceoideae) from Papua New Guinea. Aquat Bot 23:
225–247
Hemminga MA, Gwada P, Slim FJ, de Koyeyer P and Kazungu J
(1995) Leaf production and nutrient contents of the seagrass
Thalassodendron ciliatum in the proximity of a mangrove forest (Gazi Bay, Kenya). Aquat Bot 50: 159–170
Herbert DA (1986) The growth dynamics of Halophila hawaiiana. Aquat Bot 23: 351–360
Hillman K (1987) The production ecology of the seagrass
Halophila ovalis in the Swan-Canning estuary. In: John J (ed)
Swan River Estuary, Ecology and Management, pp 102–116.
Environmental Studies Group, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia
Hootsmans MJM and Vermaat JE (1985) The effect of
periphyton-grazing by three epifaunal species on the growth
of Zostera marina L. under experimental conditions. Aquat
Bot 22: 83–88
Horner SMJ (1987) Similarity of epiphyte biomass distribution
on Posidonia and artificial seagrass leaves. Aquat Bot 27: 159–
167
Hughes RG, Johnson S and Smith ID (1991a) The growth patterns of some hydroids that are obligate epiphytes of seagrass
leaves. Hydrobiologia 216: 205–210
Hughes RG, Rubies AG and Gili JM (1991b) The growth and
degeneration of the hydroid Sertularia perpusilla, an obligate
epiphyte of leaves of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Hydrobiologia 216: 211–214
Ierodiaconou DA and Laurenson LJB (2002) Estimates of
Heterozostera tasmanica, Zostera muelleri and Ruppia
megacarpa distribution and biomass in the Hopkins Estuary,
Western Victoria, by GIS. Aust J Bot 50: 215–228
Iizumi H and Yamamuro M (2000) Nitrogen fixation by periphytic blue-green algae in a seagrass bed on the Great Barrier
Reef. Jap Agric Res Q 34: 69–73
Jacobs RPWM, Hermelink PM and Van Geel G (1983) Epiphytic
algae on eelgrass at Roscoff, France. Aquat Bot 15: 157–
173
Jagtap TG (1998) Structure of major seagrass beds from three
coral reef atolls of Lakshadweep, Arabian Sea, India. Aquat
Bot 60: 397–408
Jernakoff P and Nielsen J (1997) The relative importance of amphipod and gastropod grazers in Posidonia sinuosa meadows.
Aquat Bot 56: 183–202
Jernakoff P and Nielsen J (1998) Plant–animal associations in
two species of seagrasses of Western Australia. Aquat Bot 60:
359–376
Jernakoff P, Brearley B and Nielsen J (1996) Factors affecting
grazer–epiphyte interactions in temperate seagrass meadows.
Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 34: 109–162.
Johnstone IM (1979) Papua New Guinea seagrasses and aspects
of the biology and growth of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle.
Aquat Bot 7: 197–208