Chapter 16 Biology of Zostera
385
Short FT and Short CA (2003) The seagrasses of the western
North Atlantic. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas
of Seagrasses, pp 207–215. University of California Press,
Berkeley
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ Conservation 23:
17–27
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (2000) Global seagrass declines and effect of climate change. In: Sheppard CRC (ed)
Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation. Vol.
III: Global Issues and Processes, pp 10–11. Pergamon, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Short FT, Mathieson AC and Nelson JI (1986) Recurrence of the
eelgrass wasting disease at the border of New Hampshire and
Maine, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 29: 89–92
Short FT, Muehlstein LK and Porter D (1987) Eelgrass wasting
disease: Cause and recurrence of a marine epidemic. Biol Bull
173: 557–562
Short FT, Ibelings BW and den Hartog C (1988) Comparison of
a current eelgrass disease to the wasting disease of the 1930’s.
Aquat Bot 30: 295–304
Short FT, Burdick DM, Wolf J and Jones GE (1993a) Eelgrass
in Estuarine Research Reserves Along the East Coast, U.S.A.,
Part I: Declines from Pollution and Disease and Part II: Management of Eelgrass Meadows. NOAA- Coastal Ocean Program Publication, p 107
Short FT, Porter D, Iizumi H and Aioi K (1993b) Occurrence
of the eelgrass pathogen, Labyrinthula zostera, in Japan. Dis
Aquat Organ 16: 73–77
Short FT, Burdick DM and Kaldy JE (1995) Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina L. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 740–749
Short FT and Burdick DM (1996) Quantifying eelgrass habitat
loss in relation to housing development and nitrogen loading
in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 19: 730–739
Short FT, Burdick DM, Granger S and Nixon SW (1996) Longterm decline in eelgrass, Zostera marina L., linked to increased
housing development. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and
Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology, pp 291–298: Proceedings
of an International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996. Nedlands, Western Australia
Short FT, Burdick DM, Short CA, Davis RC and Morgan PA
(2000) Developing success criteria for restored eelgrass, salt
marsh and mud flat habitats. Ecol Eng 15: 239–252
Short FT, Matso K, Hoven H, Whitten J, Burdick DM and Short
CA (2001) Lobster use of eelgrass habitat in the Piscataqua
River on the New Hampshire/Maine Border, USA. Estuaries
24: 277–284
Short FT, Davis RC, Kopp BS, Short CA and Burdick DM
(2002a) Site selection model for optimal restoration of eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 227: 253–267
Short FT, Kopp BS, Gaeckle J and Tamaki H (2002b) Seagrass
ecology and estuarine mitigation: A low-cost method for eelgrass restoration. Jpn Fish Sci 68: 1759–1762
Silberhorn GM, Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Anthesis and
seed production in eelgrass from the Chesapeake Bay. Aquat
Bot 15: 133–144
Smith RD, Pregnall AM and Alberte RS (1988) Effects of anaerobiosis on root metabolism of Zostera marina (eelgrass): Implications for survival in reducing sediments. Mar Biol 98:
131–141
Spalding M, Taylor M, Ravilious C, Short F and Green E (2003)
Global overview: The distribution and status of seagrasses.
In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses:
Present Status and Future Conservation, pp 5–26. University
of California Press, Berkeley
Stevens NE (1936) Environmental conditions and the wasting
disease of eelgrass. Science 84: 87–89
Strother S and Kerr EA (1990) Seasonal changes in standing crop
of Zostera muelleri in south-eastern Australia. Aquat Bot 38:
369–376
Talbot MMB and Bate GC (1987) The distribution and biomass
of the seagrass Zostera capensis in a warm-temperate estuary.
Botanica Marina 30: 91–99
Tamaki H, Nishijima W, Arai S, Terawaki T and Okada M (1999)
Shading effect of the deposition of leaves on survival of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Hiroshima Bay. Mizu Kankyo
Gakkai Shi 22: 663–667
Taniguchi K and Yamada Y (1979) Vertical distribution and natural life history of Zostera marina-Linne and some other species
of sea-grass in Iida Bay of the Noto Peninsula on the Honshu,
Japan Sea coast. Bull Jpn Sea Fishery Res Lab 30: 111–122
Terawaki T, Dan A, Moriguchi A, Kawasaki Y and Okada M
(1999) Technical review on Zostera bed restoration in Japan.
The 2nd Joint Meeting of Coastal Environmental Science and
Technology (CEST) Panel of UJNR. Charleston, SC. pp 175–
189
Terrados J, Duarte CM, Kamp-Nielsen L, Agawin NSR, Gacia
E, Lacap D, Fortes MD, Borum J, Lubanski M and Greve T
(1999) Are seagrass growth and survival constrained by the
reducing conditions of the sediment? Aquat Bot 65: 175–197
Thayer GW, Kenworthy WJ and Fonseca MS (1984) The ecology
of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast: A community profile. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Division of Biological Services, Research and Development,
National Coastal Ecosystems Team. FWS/OBS-82/02
Thom RM (1990) A review of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplanting projects in the Pacific Northwest. Northwest Environ
J 6: 121–137
Tomlinson PB (1982) Anatomy of the Monocotyledones: VII.
Helobiae (Alismatidae). Claredon Press, Oxford
Tomlinson PB and Posluzny U (2001) Generic limits in the seagrass family Zosteraceae. Taxon 50: 429–437
Toyohara T, Nakaoka M and Aioi K (1999) Population dynamics
and reproductive traits of phytal gastropods in seagrass bed in
Otsuchi Bay, north-eastern Japan. Mar Ecol 20: 273–289
Tutin TG (1938) The autecology of Zostera marina in relation to
the wasting disease. New Phytologist 37: 50–71
Udy JW and Dennison WC (1997) Growth and physiological responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment
nutrients in Moreton Bay, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217:
253–277
van Diggelen J, Rozema J and Broekman R (1987) Mineral composition of and proline accumulation by Zostera marina L. in
response to environmental salinity. Aquat Bot 27: 169–176
van Katwijk MM, Vergeer LHT, Schmitz GHW and Roelofs JGM
(1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 157: 159–173
van Lent F, Verschuure JM and van Veghel JLJ (1995) Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass): In
situ nitrogen enrichment and light manipulation. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 185: 55–76
385
Short FT and Short CA (2003) The seagrasses of the western
North Atlantic. In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas
of Seagrasses, pp 207–215. University of California Press,
Berkeley
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and humaninduced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ Conservation 23:
17–27
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (2000) Global seagrass declines and effect of climate change. In: Sheppard CRC (ed)
Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation. Vol.
III: Global Issues and Processes, pp 10–11. Pergamon, Elsevier, Amsterdam
Short FT, Mathieson AC and Nelson JI (1986) Recurrence of the
eelgrass wasting disease at the border of New Hampshire and
Maine, USA. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 29: 89–92
Short FT, Muehlstein LK and Porter D (1987) Eelgrass wasting
disease: Cause and recurrence of a marine epidemic. Biol Bull
173: 557–562
Short FT, Ibelings BW and den Hartog C (1988) Comparison of
a current eelgrass disease to the wasting disease of the 1930’s.
Aquat Bot 30: 295–304
Short FT, Burdick DM, Wolf J and Jones GE (1993a) Eelgrass
in Estuarine Research Reserves Along the East Coast, U.S.A.,
Part I: Declines from Pollution and Disease and Part II: Management of Eelgrass Meadows. NOAA- Coastal Ocean Program Publication, p 107
Short FT, Porter D, Iizumi H and Aioi K (1993b) Occurrence
of the eelgrass pathogen, Labyrinthula zostera, in Japan. Dis
Aquat Organ 16: 73–77
Short FT, Burdick DM and Kaldy JE (1995) Mesocosm experiments quantify the effects of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina L. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 740–749
Short FT and Burdick DM (1996) Quantifying eelgrass habitat
loss in relation to housing development and nitrogen loading
in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts. Estuaries 19: 730–739
Short FT, Burdick DM, Granger S and Nixon SW (1996) Longterm decline in eelgrass, Zostera marina L., linked to increased
housing development. In: Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI and
Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology, pp 291–298: Proceedings
of an International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia, 25–29 January 1996. Nedlands, Western Australia
Short FT, Burdick DM, Short CA, Davis RC and Morgan PA
(2000) Developing success criteria for restored eelgrass, salt
marsh and mud flat habitats. Ecol Eng 15: 239–252
Short FT, Matso K, Hoven H, Whitten J, Burdick DM and Short
CA (2001) Lobster use of eelgrass habitat in the Piscataqua
River on the New Hampshire/Maine Border, USA. Estuaries
24: 277–284
Short FT, Davis RC, Kopp BS, Short CA and Burdick DM
(2002a) Site selection model for optimal restoration of eelgrass, Zostera marina L. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 227: 253–267
Short FT, Kopp BS, Gaeckle J and Tamaki H (2002b) Seagrass
ecology and estuarine mitigation: A low-cost method for eelgrass restoration. Jpn Fish Sci 68: 1759–1762
Silberhorn GM, Orth RJ and Moore KA (1983) Anthesis and
seed production in eelgrass from the Chesapeake Bay. Aquat
Bot 15: 133–144
Smith RD, Pregnall AM and Alberte RS (1988) Effects of anaerobiosis on root metabolism of Zostera marina (eelgrass): Implications for survival in reducing sediments. Mar Biol 98:
131–141
Spalding M, Taylor M, Ravilious C, Short F and Green E (2003)
Global overview: The distribution and status of seagrasses.
In: Green EP and Short FT (eds) World Atlas of Seagrasses:
Present Status and Future Conservation, pp 5–26. University
of California Press, Berkeley
Stevens NE (1936) Environmental conditions and the wasting
disease of eelgrass. Science 84: 87–89
Strother S and Kerr EA (1990) Seasonal changes in standing crop
of Zostera muelleri in south-eastern Australia. Aquat Bot 38:
369–376
Talbot MMB and Bate GC (1987) The distribution and biomass
of the seagrass Zostera capensis in a warm-temperate estuary.
Botanica Marina 30: 91–99
Tamaki H, Nishijima W, Arai S, Terawaki T and Okada M (1999)
Shading effect of the deposition of leaves on survival of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Hiroshima Bay. Mizu Kankyo
Gakkai Shi 22: 663–667
Taniguchi K and Yamada Y (1979) Vertical distribution and natural life history of Zostera marina-Linne and some other species
of sea-grass in Iida Bay of the Noto Peninsula on the Honshu,
Japan Sea coast. Bull Jpn Sea Fishery Res Lab 30: 111–122
Terawaki T, Dan A, Moriguchi A, Kawasaki Y and Okada M
(1999) Technical review on Zostera bed restoration in Japan.
The 2nd Joint Meeting of Coastal Environmental Science and
Technology (CEST) Panel of UJNR. Charleston, SC. pp 175–
189
Terrados J, Duarte CM, Kamp-Nielsen L, Agawin NSR, Gacia
E, Lacap D, Fortes MD, Borum J, Lubanski M and Greve T
(1999) Are seagrass growth and survival constrained by the
reducing conditions of the sediment? Aquat Bot 65: 175–197
Thayer GW, Kenworthy WJ and Fonseca MS (1984) The ecology
of eelgrass meadows of the Atlantic coast: A community profile. U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Division of Biological Services, Research and Development,
National Coastal Ecosystems Team. FWS/OBS-82/02
Thom RM (1990) A review of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) transplanting projects in the Pacific Northwest. Northwest Environ
J 6: 121–137
Tomlinson PB (1982) Anatomy of the Monocotyledones: VII.
Helobiae (Alismatidae). Claredon Press, Oxford
Tomlinson PB and Posluzny U (2001) Generic limits in the seagrass family Zosteraceae. Taxon 50: 429–437
Toyohara T, Nakaoka M and Aioi K (1999) Population dynamics
and reproductive traits of phytal gastropods in seagrass bed in
Otsuchi Bay, north-eastern Japan. Mar Ecol 20: 273–289
Tutin TG (1938) The autecology of Zostera marina in relation to
the wasting disease. New Phytologist 37: 50–71
Udy JW and Dennison WC (1997) Growth and physiological responses of three seagrass species to elevated sediment
nutrients in Moreton Bay, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 217:
253–277
van Diggelen J, Rozema J and Broekman R (1987) Mineral composition of and proline accumulation by Zostera marina L. in
response to environmental salinity. Aquat Bot 27: 169–176
van Katwijk MM, Vergeer LHT, Schmitz GHW and Roelofs JGM
(1997) Ammonium toxicity in eelgrass Zostera marina. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 157: 159–173
van Lent F, Verschuure JM and van Veghel JLJ (1995) Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass): In
situ nitrogen enrichment and light manipulation. J Exp Mar
Biol Ecol 185: 55–76