132
R. J. Orth, M. C. Harwell and G. J. Inglis
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Harwell MC and Marion SA (2003) Seed
density effects on germination and initial seedling establishment in eelgrass, Zostera marina, in the Chesapeake Bay region. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250: 71–79
Ostenfeld CH (1908) On the ecology and distribution of the
grass-wrack (Zostera marina) in Danish waters. Report of the
Danish Biological Station 16: 1–62
Pakeman RJ (2001) Plant migration rates and seed dispersal
mechanisms. J Biogeogr 28: 795–800
Patterson MC, Harwell MC, Orth LM and Orth RJ (2001) Biomechanical properties of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) reproductive shoots: Breaking stress, breaking strain, toughness, and
elastic modulus. Aquat Bot 69: 27–40
Peterken CJ and Conacher CA (1997) Seed germination and
recolonisation of Zostera capricorni after grazing by dugongs.
Aquat Bot 59: 333–340
Peterson BJ, Rose CD, Rutten LM and Fourqurean JW (2002)
Disturbance and recovery following catastrophic grazing:
Studies of a successional chronosequence in a seagrass bed.
Oikos 97: 361–370
Phillips RC and Backman TW (1983) Phenology and reproductive biology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) at Bahia Kino,
Sea of Cortez, Mexico. Aquat Bot 17: 85–90
Phillips RC, Grant SW and McRoy PC (1983) Reproductive
strategies of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). Aquat Bot 16: 1–20
Piazzi L, Balestri E and Cinelli F (2000) Grazing of inflorescences of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Botanica Marina 43: 581–584
Pitelka LF and the Plant Migration Workshop Group (1997) Plant
migration and climate change. Am Sci 85: 464–473
Plus M, Deslous-Paoli J-M and Dagault F (2003) Seagrass
(Zostera marina L.) bed recolonization after anoxia-induced
full mortality. Aquat Bot 77: 121–134
Preen A, Lee Long WJ and Cole RG (1995) Flood and cyclone
related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1,000 km
2 of
seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Aquat Bot 52:
3–17
Reid C (1899) The Origin of the British Flora. Dulau, London
Reusch TBH, Bostrom C, Stam WT and Olsen JL (1999) An
ancient Z. marina clone in the Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
183: 301–304
Reusch TBH (2002) Microsatellites reveal high population connectivity in eelgrass (Zostera marina) in two contrasting
coastal areas. Limnology Oceanography 47: 78–85
Reusch TBH (2003) Floral neighborhoods in the sea: How floral
density, opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina. J Ecol 91: 610–615
Reyes J, Sanson M and Afonso-Carrillo J (1995) Distribution and
reproductive phenology of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa
(Ucria) Ascherson in the Canary Islands. Aquat Bot 50: 171–
180
Rhode JM (2002) Microevolutionary processes in Chesapeake
Bay (Virginia, USA) eelgrass, Zostera marina L. PhD Thesis.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and
Mary, Gloucester Point, VA. p 188
Rollon RN, Vermaat JE and Nacorda HME (2003) Sexual reproduction in SE Asian seagrasses: The absence of a seed bank
in Thalassia hemprichii. Aquat Bot 75:181–185
Ruckelhaus MH (1996) Estimation of genetic neighborhood parameters from pollen and seed dispersal in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. Evolution 50: 856–864
Scavia D, Field JC, Boesch DF, Buddemeier RW, Burkett V, Cayan
DR, Fogary MJ, Harwell MA, Howarth RW, Mason C, Reed DJ,
Royer TC, Sallenger AH and Titus JG (2002) Climate change
impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25:
149–164
Setchell WA (1929) Morphological and phenological notes on
Zostera marina L. Univ Calif Publ Bot 14: 389–452
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and human
induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ Conserv 23: 17–
27
Short FT and Neckles HA (1999) The effects of global climate
change on seagrasses. Aquat Bot 63: 169–196
Terrados J (1993) Sexual reproduction and seed banks of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson meadows on the southeast
Mediterranean coast of Spain. Aquat Bot 46: 293–299
Turnbull LA, Crawley MJ and Rees M (2000) Are plant populations seed limited? A review of seed sowing experiments.
Oikos 88: 225–238
Turner T (1983) Facilitation as a successional mechanism in a
rocky intertidal community. Am Nat 121: 729–738
Turner T (1985) Stability of rocky intertidal surfgrass beds: Persistence, preemption, and recovery. Ecology 66: 83–92
Turner T and Lucas J (1985) Differences and similarities in the
community roles of three rocky intertidal surfgrasses. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 89: 175–189
Twilley RR, Barron EJ, Gholz HL, Harwell MA, Miller RL,
Reed DJ, Rose JB, Siemann EH, Wetzel RG and Zimmerman RJ (2001) Confronting climate change in the Gulf Coast
region: Prospects for sustaining our ecological heritage. The
Union of Concerned Scientists and The Ecological Society of
America
van Lent F and Verschuure JM (1994) Intraspecific variability of
Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the estuaries and lagoons of
the southwestern Netherlands. II. Relation with environmental
factors. Aquat Bot 48: 59–75
van Lent F and Verschuure JM (1995) Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass): Experimental germination and growth. J Exp Biol Ecol 185: 77–91
van der Pijl L (1982) Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants.
Springer-Verlag, New York
Venable DL and Lawlor L (1980) Delayed germination and dispersal in desert annuals: Escape in space and time. Oecologia
46: 272–282
Van Katwijk MM, Wigergangs LJM (2004) Effects of locally
varying exposure, sediment type and low-tide water cover on
Zostera marina recruitment from seed. Aquat Bot 80: 1–12
Wang BC and Smith TB (2002) Closing the seed-dispersal loop.
Trends Ecol Evol 17: 379–385
Wassenberg TJ (1990) Seasonal feeding on Zostera capricorni
seeds by juvenile Penaeus esculentus (Crustacea: Decapoda)
in Moreton Bay, Queensland. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 41:
301–310
Waycott M (1995) Assessment of genetic variation and clonality
in the seagrass Posidonia australis using RAPD and allozyme
analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 16: 289–295
Waycott M and Les DH (1996) An integrated approach to the
evolutionary study of seagrasses. In Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker
DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology: Proceedings of an
International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia,
pp 71–78. University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western
Australia
R. J. Orth, M. C. Harwell and G. J. Inglis
Orth RJ, Fishman JR, Harwell MC and Marion SA (2003) Seed
density effects on germination and initial seedling establishment in eelgrass, Zostera marina, in the Chesapeake Bay region. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 250: 71–79
Ostenfeld CH (1908) On the ecology and distribution of the
grass-wrack (Zostera marina) in Danish waters. Report of the
Danish Biological Station 16: 1–62
Pakeman RJ (2001) Plant migration rates and seed dispersal
mechanisms. J Biogeogr 28: 795–800
Patterson MC, Harwell MC, Orth LM and Orth RJ (2001) Biomechanical properties of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) reproductive shoots: Breaking stress, breaking strain, toughness, and
elastic modulus. Aquat Bot 69: 27–40
Peterken CJ and Conacher CA (1997) Seed germination and
recolonisation of Zostera capricorni after grazing by dugongs.
Aquat Bot 59: 333–340
Peterson BJ, Rose CD, Rutten LM and Fourqurean JW (2002)
Disturbance and recovery following catastrophic grazing:
Studies of a successional chronosequence in a seagrass bed.
Oikos 97: 361–370
Phillips RC and Backman TW (1983) Phenology and reproductive biology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) at Bahia Kino,
Sea of Cortez, Mexico. Aquat Bot 17: 85–90
Phillips RC, Grant SW and McRoy PC (1983) Reproductive
strategies of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.). Aquat Bot 16: 1–20
Piazzi L, Balestri E and Cinelli F (2000) Grazing of inflorescences of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile. Botanica Marina 43: 581–584
Pitelka LF and the Plant Migration Workshop Group (1997) Plant
migration and climate change. Am Sci 85: 464–473
Plus M, Deslous-Paoli J-M and Dagault F (2003) Seagrass
(Zostera marina L.) bed recolonization after anoxia-induced
full mortality. Aquat Bot 77: 121–134
Preen A, Lee Long WJ and Cole RG (1995) Flood and cyclone
related loss, and partial recovery, of more than 1,000 km
2 of
seagrass in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia. Aquat Bot 52:
3–17
Reid C (1899) The Origin of the British Flora. Dulau, London
Reusch TBH, Bostrom C, Stam WT and Olsen JL (1999) An
ancient Z. marina clone in the Baltic Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser
183: 301–304
Reusch TBH (2002) Microsatellites reveal high population connectivity in eelgrass (Zostera marina) in two contrasting
coastal areas. Limnology Oceanography 47: 78–85
Reusch TBH (2003) Floral neighborhoods in the sea: How floral
density, opportunity for outcrossing and population fragmentation affect seed set in Zostera marina. J Ecol 91: 610–615
Reyes J, Sanson M and Afonso-Carrillo J (1995) Distribution and
reproductive phenology of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa
(Ucria) Ascherson in the Canary Islands. Aquat Bot 50: 171–
180
Rhode JM (2002) Microevolutionary processes in Chesapeake
Bay (Virginia, USA) eelgrass, Zostera marina L. PhD Thesis.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and
Mary, Gloucester Point, VA. p 188
Rollon RN, Vermaat JE and Nacorda HME (2003) Sexual reproduction in SE Asian seagrasses: The absence of a seed bank
in Thalassia hemprichii. Aquat Bot 75:181–185
Ruckelhaus MH (1996) Estimation of genetic neighborhood parameters from pollen and seed dispersal in the marine angiosperm Zostera marina L. Evolution 50: 856–864
Scavia D, Field JC, Boesch DF, Buddemeier RW, Burkett V, Cayan
DR, Fogary MJ, Harwell MA, Howarth RW, Mason C, Reed DJ,
Royer TC, Sallenger AH and Titus JG (2002) Climate change
impacts on U.S. coastal and marine ecosystems. Estuaries 25:
149–164
Setchell WA (1929) Morphological and phenological notes on
Zostera marina L. Univ Calif Publ Bot 14: 389–452
Short FT and Wyllie-Echeverria S (1996) Natural and human
induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ Conserv 23: 17–
27
Short FT and Neckles HA (1999) The effects of global climate
change on seagrasses. Aquat Bot 63: 169–196
Terrados J (1993) Sexual reproduction and seed banks of Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson meadows on the southeast
Mediterranean coast of Spain. Aquat Bot 46: 293–299
Turnbull LA, Crawley MJ and Rees M (2000) Are plant populations seed limited? A review of seed sowing experiments.
Oikos 88: 225–238
Turner T (1983) Facilitation as a successional mechanism in a
rocky intertidal community. Am Nat 121: 729–738
Turner T (1985) Stability of rocky intertidal surfgrass beds: Persistence, preemption, and recovery. Ecology 66: 83–92
Turner T and Lucas J (1985) Differences and similarities in the
community roles of three rocky intertidal surfgrasses. J Exp
Mar Biol Ecol 89: 175–189
Twilley RR, Barron EJ, Gholz HL, Harwell MA, Miller RL,
Reed DJ, Rose JB, Siemann EH, Wetzel RG and Zimmerman RJ (2001) Confronting climate change in the Gulf Coast
region: Prospects for sustaining our ecological heritage. The
Union of Concerned Scientists and The Ecological Society of
America
van Lent F and Verschuure JM (1994) Intraspecific variability of
Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) in the estuaries and lagoons of
the southwestern Netherlands. II. Relation with environmental
factors. Aquat Bot 48: 59–75
van Lent F and Verschuure JM (1995) Comparative study on populations of Zostera marina L. (eelgrass): Experimental germination and growth. J Exp Biol Ecol 185: 77–91
van der Pijl L (1982) Principles of Dispersal in Higher Plants.
Springer-Verlag, New York
Venable DL and Lawlor L (1980) Delayed germination and dispersal in desert annuals: Escape in space and time. Oecologia
46: 272–282
Van Katwijk MM, Wigergangs LJM (2004) Effects of locally
varying exposure, sediment type and low-tide water cover on
Zostera marina recruitment from seed. Aquat Bot 80: 1–12
Wang BC and Smith TB (2002) Closing the seed-dispersal loop.
Trends Ecol Evol 17: 379–385
Wassenberg TJ (1990) Seasonal feeding on Zostera capricorni
seeds by juvenile Penaeus esculentus (Crustacea: Decapoda)
in Moreton Bay, Queensland. Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 41:
301–310
Waycott M (1995) Assessment of genetic variation and clonality
in the seagrass Posidonia australis using RAPD and allozyme
analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 16: 289–295
Waycott M and Les DH (1996) An integrated approach to the
evolutionary study of seagrasses. In Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker
DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology: Proceedings of an
International Workshop, Rottnest Island, Western Australia,
pp 71–78. University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western
Australia