Chapter 5 Seagrass Seeds and Dispersal Strategies
129
Brenchley JL and Probert RJ (1998) Seed germination responses
to some environmental factors in the seagrass Zostera capricorni from eastern Australia. Aquat Bot 62: 177–188
Buia MC and Mazzella L (1991) Reproductive phenology of the
Mediterranean seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and Zostera noltii Hornem.
Aquat Bot 40: 343–362
Cambridge ML, Bastyan GR and Walker DI (2002) Recovery
of Posidonia meadows in Oystre Harbour, Southwestern Australia. Bull Mar Sci 71: 1279–1289
Caye G and Meinesz A (1985) Observations on the vegetative
development, flowering and seeding of Cymodocea nodosa
(Ucria) Ascherson on the Mediterranean coasts of France.
Aquat Bot 22: 277–289
Caye G and Meinesz A (1986) Experimental study of seed germination in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Aquat Bot 26:
79–87
Chambers JC and MacMahon JA (1994) A day in the life of a
seed: Movements and fates of seeds and their implications for
natural and managed systems. Annu Rev Ecol Systematics 25:
263–292
Choudhuri GN (1966) Seed germination and flowering in Vallisneria spiralis. Northwest Sci 40: 31–33
Churchill AC (1983) Field studies on seed germination and
seedling development in Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 16:
21–29
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Floatation
and dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8:
352–354
Clarke SM and Kirkman H (1989) Seagrass dynamics. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses, pp 157–181. Elsevier Publ., Amsterdam
Clark JS, Fastie C, Hurtt G, Jackson ST, Johnson C, King GA,
Lewis M, Lynch J, Pacala S, Prentice C, Schupp EW, Webb
T III and Wyckoff P (1998) Reid’s paradox of rapid plant
migration. Bioscience 48: 13–24
Conacher CA, Poiner IR, Butler J, Pun S and Tree DJ (1994a)
Germination, storage and viability testing of seeds of Zostera
capricorni Aschers from a tropical bay in Australia. Aquat Bot
49: 47–58
Conacher CA, Poiner IR and O’Donohue MO (1994b) Morphology, flowering and seed production of Zostera capricorni Aschers in subtropical Australia. Aquat Bot 49: 19–32
Connell JH (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing
competitive exclusion in some marine mammals and in rain
forest trees. In: Boer PJ and Gradweel G (eds) Dynamics of
Populations, pp 298–310. PUDOC
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon
B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG,
Rutton P and van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s
ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253–260
Cox PA (1988) Hydrophilous pollination. Annu Rev Ecol Syst
19: 261–280
Crawley MJ (1990) The population dynamics of plants. Phil
Trans R Soc Lond 330: 125–140
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrasses of the World. N-Holland,
Amsterdam
De Cock AWAM (1980) Flowering, pollination and fruiting in
Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 9: 201–220
De Cock AWAM (1981) Development of the flowering shoot of
Zostera marina L. under controlled conditions in comparison
to the development in two different natural habitats in the
Netherlands. Aquat Bot 10: 99–113
Duarte CM and Sand-Jensen K (1990) Seagrass colonization:
Patch formation and patch growth in Cymodocea nodosa. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 65: 193–200
Duarte CM and Sand-Jensen K (1996) Nutrient constraints on
establishment from seed and on vegetative expansion of the
Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Aquat Bot 54:
279–286
Duarte CM, Uri JS, Agawin NSR, Fortes MD, Vermaat JE and
Marba N (1997) Flowering frequency of Philippine seagrasses.
Botanica Marina 40: 497–500
Dumbauld BR and Wyllie-Echeverria S (2003) The influence of
burrowing thalassinid shrimps on the distribution of intertidal
seagrasses in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. Aquat Bot 77:
27–42
Eriksson O (1989) Seedling dynamics and life histories in clonal
plants. Oikos 55: 231–238
Eriksson O and Ehrlen J (1992) Seed and microsite limitation of
recruitment in plant populations. Oecologia 91: 360–364
Ewanchuk PJ and Williams SL (1996) Survival and reestablishment of vegetative fragments of eelgrass (Zostera marina). Can J Bot 74: 1584–1590
Fenner M (1995) Ecology of seed-banks. In Kigel J and Galili
G (eds) Seed Development and Germination, pp 507–528.
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
Ferasol J, Lovett-Doust L, Lovett-Doust J and Biernacki M
(1995) Seed germination in Vallisneria americana: Effects
of cold stratification, scarification, seed coat morphology and
PCB concentration. Ecoscience 2: 368–376
Ferguson RL, Pawlak BT and Wood LL (1993) Flowering of the
seagrass Halodule wrightii in North Carolina, USA. Aquat
Bot 46: 91–98
Ferriere R, Belthoff JR, Olivieri I and Krackow S (2000) Evolving
dispersal: Where to go next. Trends Ecol Evol 15: 5–7
Figuerola J and Green AJ (2002) Dispersal of aquatic organisms
by waterbirds: A review of past research and priorities for
future studies. Freshwater Biol 47: 482–494
Figuerola J, Green AJ and Santamaria L (2002) Comparative
dispersal effectiveness of widgeongrass seeds by waterfowl
wintering in south-west Spain: Quantitative and qualitative
aspects. J Ecol 90: 989–1001
Figuerola J, Green AJ and Santamaria L (2003) Passive internal
transport of aquatic organisms by waterfowl in Donana, southwest Spain. Global Ecol Biogeog 12: 427–436
Fishman JR and Orth RJ (1996) Effects of predation on
Zostera marina L. seed abundance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 198:
11–26
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Thayer GW (1998) Guidelines
for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United
States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program
Decision Analysis Series No. 12. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office,
Silver Spring, MD. p 222
Frederiksen M, Krause-Jensen D, Holmer M and Laursen JS
(2004) Long term changes in the area distribution of eelgrass
(Zostera marina) in Danish coastal waters. Aquat Bot 78: 167–
181
Greve TM, Krause-Jensen D, Rasmussen MB and Christensen PB (2005) Means of rapid eelgrass (Zostera marina
L.) recolonization in former dieback areas. Aquat Bot 76:
291–297
129
Brenchley JL and Probert RJ (1998) Seed germination responses
to some environmental factors in the seagrass Zostera capricorni from eastern Australia. Aquat Bot 62: 177–188
Buia MC and Mazzella L (1991) Reproductive phenology of the
Mediterranean seagrasses Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Aschers., and Zostera noltii Hornem.
Aquat Bot 40: 343–362
Cambridge ML, Bastyan GR and Walker DI (2002) Recovery
of Posidonia meadows in Oystre Harbour, Southwestern Australia. Bull Mar Sci 71: 1279–1289
Caye G and Meinesz A (1985) Observations on the vegetative
development, flowering and seeding of Cymodocea nodosa
(Ucria) Ascherson on the Mediterranean coasts of France.
Aquat Bot 22: 277–289
Caye G and Meinesz A (1986) Experimental study of seed germination in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Aquat Bot 26:
79–87
Chambers JC and MacMahon JA (1994) A day in the life of a
seed: Movements and fates of seeds and their implications for
natural and managed systems. Annu Rev Ecol Systematics 25:
263–292
Choudhuri GN (1966) Seed germination and flowering in Vallisneria spiralis. Northwest Sci 40: 31–33
Churchill AC (1983) Field studies on seed germination and
seedling development in Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 16:
21–29
Churchill AC, Nieves G and Brenowitz AH (1985) Floatation
and dispersal of eelgrass seeds by gas bubbles. Estuaries 8:
352–354
Clarke SM and Kirkman H (1989) Seagrass dynamics. In:
Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology
of Seagrasses, pp 157–181. Elsevier Publ., Amsterdam
Clark JS, Fastie C, Hurtt G, Jackson ST, Johnson C, King GA,
Lewis M, Lynch J, Pacala S, Prentice C, Schupp EW, Webb
T III and Wyckoff P (1998) Reid’s paradox of rapid plant
migration. Bioscience 48: 13–24
Conacher CA, Poiner IR, Butler J, Pun S and Tree DJ (1994a)
Germination, storage and viability testing of seeds of Zostera
capricorni Aschers from a tropical bay in Australia. Aquat Bot
49: 47–58
Conacher CA, Poiner IR and O’Donohue MO (1994b) Morphology, flowering and seed production of Zostera capricorni Aschers in subtropical Australia. Aquat Bot 49: 19–32
Connell JH (1971) On the role of natural enemies in preventing
competitive exclusion in some marine mammals and in rain
forest trees. In: Boer PJ and Gradweel G (eds) Dynamics of
Populations, pp 298–310. PUDOC
Costanza R, d’Arge R, de Groot R, Farber S, Grasso M, Hannon
B, Limburg K, Naeem S, O’Neill RV, Paruelo J, Raskin RG,
Rutton P and van den Belt M (1997) The value of the world’s
ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253–260
Cox PA (1988) Hydrophilous pollination. Annu Rev Ecol Syst
19: 261–280
Crawley MJ (1990) The population dynamics of plants. Phil
Trans R Soc Lond 330: 125–140
den Hartog C (1970) The Seagrasses of the World. N-Holland,
Amsterdam
De Cock AWAM (1980) Flowering, pollination and fruiting in
Zostera marina L. Aquat Bot 9: 201–220
De Cock AWAM (1981) Development of the flowering shoot of
Zostera marina L. under controlled conditions in comparison
to the development in two different natural habitats in the
Netherlands. Aquat Bot 10: 99–113
Duarte CM and Sand-Jensen K (1990) Seagrass colonization:
Patch formation and patch growth in Cymodocea nodosa. Mar
Ecol Prog Ser 65: 193–200
Duarte CM and Sand-Jensen K (1996) Nutrient constraints on
establishment from seed and on vegetative expansion of the
Mediterranean seagrass Cymodocea nodosa. Aquat Bot 54:
279–286
Duarte CM, Uri JS, Agawin NSR, Fortes MD, Vermaat JE and
Marba N (1997) Flowering frequency of Philippine seagrasses.
Botanica Marina 40: 497–500
Dumbauld BR and Wyllie-Echeverria S (2003) The influence of
burrowing thalassinid shrimps on the distribution of intertidal
seagrasses in Willapa Bay, Washington, USA. Aquat Bot 77:
27–42
Eriksson O (1989) Seedling dynamics and life histories in clonal
plants. Oikos 55: 231–238
Eriksson O and Ehrlen J (1992) Seed and microsite limitation of
recruitment in plant populations. Oecologia 91: 360–364
Ewanchuk PJ and Williams SL (1996) Survival and reestablishment of vegetative fragments of eelgrass (Zostera marina). Can J Bot 74: 1584–1590
Fenner M (1995) Ecology of seed-banks. In Kigel J and Galili
G (eds) Seed Development and Germination, pp 507–528.
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York
Ferasol J, Lovett-Doust L, Lovett-Doust J and Biernacki M
(1995) Seed germination in Vallisneria americana: Effects
of cold stratification, scarification, seed coat morphology and
PCB concentration. Ecoscience 2: 368–376
Ferguson RL, Pawlak BT and Wood LL (1993) Flowering of the
seagrass Halodule wrightii in North Carolina, USA. Aquat
Bot 46: 91–98
Ferriere R, Belthoff JR, Olivieri I and Krackow S (2000) Evolving
dispersal: Where to go next. Trends Ecol Evol 15: 5–7
Figuerola J and Green AJ (2002) Dispersal of aquatic organisms
by waterbirds: A review of past research and priorities for
future studies. Freshwater Biol 47: 482–494
Figuerola J, Green AJ and Santamaria L (2002) Comparative
dispersal effectiveness of widgeongrass seeds by waterfowl
wintering in south-west Spain: Quantitative and qualitative
aspects. J Ecol 90: 989–1001
Figuerola J, Green AJ and Santamaria L (2003) Passive internal
transport of aquatic organisms by waterfowl in Donana, southwest Spain. Global Ecol Biogeog 12: 427–436
Fishman JR and Orth RJ (1996) Effects of predation on
Zostera marina L. seed abundance. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 198:
11–26
Fonseca MS, Kenworthy WJ and Thayer GW (1998) Guidelines
for the conservation and restoration of seagrasses in the United
States and adjacent waters. NOAA Coastal Ocean Program
Decision Analysis Series No. 12. NOAA Coastal Ocean Office,
Silver Spring, MD. p 222
Frederiksen M, Krause-Jensen D, Holmer M and Laursen JS
(2004) Long term changes in the area distribution of eelgrass
(Zostera marina) in Danish coastal waters. Aquat Bot 78: 167–
181
Greve TM, Krause-Jensen D, Rasmussen MB and Christensen PB (2005) Means of rapid eelgrass (Zostera marina
L.) recolonization in former dieback areas. Aquat Bot 76:
291–297