Chapter 3 Seagrass Morphology, Anatomy, and Ultrastructure
85
Isaacs FM (1969) Floral structure and germination in Cymodocea
ciliata. Phytomorphology 19: 44–51
Jagels R (1973) Studies of a marine grass Thalassia testudinum.
I. Ultrastructure of osmoregulatory in leaf cells of seagrasses.
Am J Bot 60: 1003–1006
Jagels R (1983) Further evidence for osmoregulation in epidermal leaf cells of seagrasses. Am J Bot 70: 327–333
Jagels R and Barnabas AD (1989) Variation in leaf ultrastructure
of Ruppia maritima L. along a salinity gradient. Aquat Bot 33:
207–221
Japar Sidik B, Muta Harah Z, Mohd Pauzi ZZ and Madhavan
S (1999) Halodule species from Malaysia—Distribution and
morphological variation. Aquat Bot 65: 33–45
Japar Sidik B, Muta Harah Z, Fadzrullah AR and Kamin B (2000)
New observations on Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.
(Hydrocharitaceae) from Malaysia. Biol Mar Mediterr 7: 75–
78
Jewett-Smith J and McMillan C (1990) Germination and seedling
development of Halophila engelmannii Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae) under axenic conditions. Aquat Bot 36: 167–
177
Kaul RB (1978) Morphology of germination and establishment
of aquatic seedlings in Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae.
Aquat Bot 5: 139–147
Keddy CJ and Patriquin DG (1978) Annual form of eelgrass in
Nova Scotia. Aquat Bot 5: 163–170
Kenworthy WJ (2000) The role of sexual reproduction in maintaining populations of Halophila decipiens: Implications for
the biodiversity and conservation of tropical seagrass ecosystems. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 260–268
Kuo J (1978) Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the
Australian seagrasses of the genus Posidonia K¨ onig (Posidoniaceae). I. Leaf blade and leaf sheath of Posidonia australis
Hook. f. Aquat Bot 5: 171–190
Kuo J (1983a) Notes on the biology of Australian seagrasses.
Proc Linnaean Soc N S W 106: 225–245
Kuo J (1983b) Nacreous wall sieve elements in marine Angiosperms. Amer J Bot 70: 159–164.
Kuo J (1984) Structural aspects of apoplastic fungal hyphae in
a marine angiosperm Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Aschers.
(Zosteraceae). Protoplasma 121: 1–7
Kuo J (1993a) Functional leaf anatomy and ultrastructure
in a marine angiosperm, Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.)
Dandy (Cymodoceaceae). Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44:
59–73
Kuo J (1993b) Root anatomy and rhizosphere ultrastructure in
tropical seagrasses. Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44: 75–84
Kuo J (2005) A revision on the genus Heterozostera (Zosteraceae). Aquat Bot 81: 97–140
Kuo J and Cambridge ML (1978) Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the Australian seagrasses of the genus Posidonia K¨ onig (Posidoniaceae). II. Rhizome and root of Posidonia
australis Hook. f. Aquat Bot 5: 191–206
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1987) Floral and seedling morphology
and anatomy of Thalassodendron pachyrhizum den Hartog
(Cymodoceaceae). Aquat Bot 29: 1–17
Kuo J and McComb AJ (1989) Seagrass taxonomy, structure and
development. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise on the Biology of
Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region,
pp 6–73. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1990) Anatomy of viviparous seagrasses
seedlings of Amphibolis and Thalassodendron and their nutrient supply. Bot Mar 33: 117–126
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1992) Fruits, seeds, and germination in
the seagrass Halophila ovalis (Hydrocharitaceae). Bot Mar
35: 197–204
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1995) Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld
in estuaries of southwestern Australia. Aquat Bot 51: 335–
340
Kuo J and Stewart JG (1995) Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of
the north American marine angiosperm Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Can J Bot 73: 827–842
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1996) Seedling development of selected
Posidonia species from southwest Australia. In: Kuo J, Phillips
RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology: Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 57–64. Faculty of
Science, University of Western Australia, Perth
Kuo J and Den Hartog C (2000) Seagrasses: A profile of an
ecological group. Biol Mar Mediterr 7: 3–17
Kuo J, McComb AJ and Cambridge ML (1981) Ultrastructure of
the seagrass rhizosphere. New Phytol 89: 139–143
Kuo J, Aioi K and Iizumi H (1988) Comparative leaf structure and its functional significance in Phyllospadix iwatensis
Makino and Phyllospadix japonicus Makino. Aquat Bot 30:
169–187
Kuo J, Lee Long W and Coles RG (1993) Occurrence and
fruit and seed biology of Halophila tricostata Greenway
(Hydrocharitaceae). Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44: 43–
57
Kuo J, Ridge RW and Lewis SV (1990a) The leaf internal morphology and ultrastructure of Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex
Aschers. (Zosteraceae): A comparative study of the intertidal
and subtidal forms. Aquat Bot 36: 217–236
Kuo J, Iizumi H, Nilsen BE and Aioi K (1990b) Fruit anatomy,
seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese
seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Aquat Bot 37: 229–245
Kuo J, Kanamoto Z, Toma T and Nishihara M (1995) Occurrence of Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld (Hydrocharitaceae) in
Okinawa Island, Japan. Aquat Bot 51: 329–334
Lacroix CR and Kemp JP (1997) Developmental morphology
of the androecium and gynoecium in Ruppia maritima L.:
Considerations for pollination. Aquat Bot 59: 253–262
Larkum AWD (1995) Halophila capricorni (Hydrocharitaceae):
A new species of seagrass from the Coral Sea. Aquat Bot 51:
319–328
Larkum AWD and den Hartog C (1989) Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and
Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian
Region, pp 112–156. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Larkum AWD, Roberts GD, Kuo J and Strother S (1989) Gas
movement in seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise
on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the
Australian Region, pp 686–722. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Les DH, Cleland MA and Waycott M (1997) Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II. Evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily. Systemic Bot 22: 443–463
Lipkin Y (1988) Thalassodendron ciliatum in Sinai (Northern
Red Sea) with special references to quantitative aspects. Aquat
Bot 31: 125–139
85
Isaacs FM (1969) Floral structure and germination in Cymodocea
ciliata. Phytomorphology 19: 44–51
Jagels R (1973) Studies of a marine grass Thalassia testudinum.
I. Ultrastructure of osmoregulatory in leaf cells of seagrasses.
Am J Bot 60: 1003–1006
Jagels R (1983) Further evidence for osmoregulation in epidermal leaf cells of seagrasses. Am J Bot 70: 327–333
Jagels R and Barnabas AD (1989) Variation in leaf ultrastructure
of Ruppia maritima L. along a salinity gradient. Aquat Bot 33:
207–221
Japar Sidik B, Muta Harah Z, Mohd Pauzi ZZ and Madhavan
S (1999) Halodule species from Malaysia—Distribution and
morphological variation. Aquat Bot 65: 33–45
Japar Sidik B, Muta Harah Z, Fadzrullah AR and Kamin B (2000)
New observations on Halophila spinulosa (R. Br.) Aschers.
(Hydrocharitaceae) from Malaysia. Biol Mar Mediterr 7: 75–
78
Jewett-Smith J and McMillan C (1990) Germination and seedling
development of Halophila engelmannii Aschers. (Hydrocharitaceae) under axenic conditions. Aquat Bot 36: 167–
177
Kaul RB (1978) Morphology of germination and establishment
of aquatic seedlings in Alismataceae and Hydrocharitaceae.
Aquat Bot 5: 139–147
Keddy CJ and Patriquin DG (1978) Annual form of eelgrass in
Nova Scotia. Aquat Bot 5: 163–170
Kenworthy WJ (2000) The role of sexual reproduction in maintaining populations of Halophila decipiens: Implications for
the biodiversity and conservation of tropical seagrass ecosystems. Pac Conserv Biol 5: 260–268
Kuo J (1978) Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the
Australian seagrasses of the genus Posidonia K¨ onig (Posidoniaceae). I. Leaf blade and leaf sheath of Posidonia australis
Hook. f. Aquat Bot 5: 171–190
Kuo J (1983a) Notes on the biology of Australian seagrasses.
Proc Linnaean Soc N S W 106: 225–245
Kuo J (1983b) Nacreous wall sieve elements in marine Angiosperms. Amer J Bot 70: 159–164.
Kuo J (1984) Structural aspects of apoplastic fungal hyphae in
a marine angiosperm Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex Aschers.
(Zosteraceae). Protoplasma 121: 1–7
Kuo J (1993a) Functional leaf anatomy and ultrastructure
in a marine angiosperm, Syringodium isoetifolium (Aschers.)
Dandy (Cymodoceaceae). Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44:
59–73
Kuo J (1993b) Root anatomy and rhizosphere ultrastructure in
tropical seagrasses. Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44: 75–84
Kuo J (2005) A revision on the genus Heterozostera (Zosteraceae). Aquat Bot 81: 97–140
Kuo J and Cambridge ML (1978) Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of the Australian seagrasses of the genus Posidonia K¨ onig (Posidoniaceae). II. Rhizome and root of Posidonia
australis Hook. f. Aquat Bot 5: 191–206
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1987) Floral and seedling morphology
and anatomy of Thalassodendron pachyrhizum den Hartog
(Cymodoceaceae). Aquat Bot 29: 1–17
Kuo J and McComb AJ (1989) Seagrass taxonomy, structure and
development. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and Shepherd
SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise on the Biology of
Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian Region,
pp 6–73. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1990) Anatomy of viviparous seagrasses
seedlings of Amphibolis and Thalassodendron and their nutrient supply. Bot Mar 33: 117–126
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1992) Fruits, seeds, and germination in
the seagrass Halophila ovalis (Hydrocharitaceae). Bot Mar
35: 197–204
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1995) Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld
in estuaries of southwestern Australia. Aquat Bot 51: 335–
340
Kuo J and Stewart JG (1995) Leaf anatomy and ultrastructure of
the north American marine angiosperm Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Can J Bot 73: 827–842
Kuo J and Kirkman H (1996) Seedling development of selected
Posidonia species from southwest Australia. In: Kuo J, Phillips
RC, Walker DI and Kirkman H (eds) Seagrass Biology: Proceedings of an International Workshop, pp 57–64. Faculty of
Science, University of Western Australia, Perth
Kuo J and Den Hartog C (2000) Seagrasses: A profile of an
ecological group. Biol Mar Mediterr 7: 3–17
Kuo J, McComb AJ and Cambridge ML (1981) Ultrastructure of
the seagrass rhizosphere. New Phytol 89: 139–143
Kuo J, Aioi K and Iizumi H (1988) Comparative leaf structure and its functional significance in Phyllospadix iwatensis
Makino and Phyllospadix japonicus Makino. Aquat Bot 30:
169–187
Kuo J, Lee Long W and Coles RG (1993) Occurrence and
fruit and seed biology of Halophila tricostata Greenway
(Hydrocharitaceae). Aust J Marine Freshwater Res 44: 43–
57
Kuo J, Ridge RW and Lewis SV (1990a) The leaf internal morphology and ultrastructure of Zostera muelleri Irmisch ex
Aschers. (Zosteraceae): A comparative study of the intertidal
and subtidal forms. Aquat Bot 36: 217–236
Kuo J, Iizumi H, Nilsen BE and Aioi K (1990b) Fruit anatomy,
seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese
seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae). Aquat Bot 37: 229–245
Kuo J, Kanamoto Z, Toma T and Nishihara M (1995) Occurrence of Halophila decipiens Ostenfeld (Hydrocharitaceae) in
Okinawa Island, Japan. Aquat Bot 51: 329–334
Lacroix CR and Kemp JP (1997) Developmental morphology
of the androecium and gynoecium in Ruppia maritima L.:
Considerations for pollination. Aquat Bot 59: 253–262
Larkum AWD (1995) Halophila capricorni (Hydrocharitaceae):
A new species of seagrass from the Coral Sea. Aquat Bot 51:
319–328
Larkum AWD and den Hartog C (1989) Evolution and biogeography of seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ and
Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A treatise on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the Australian
Region, pp 112–156. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Larkum AWD, Roberts GD, Kuo J and Strother S (1989) Gas
movement in seagrasses. In: Larkum AWD, McComb AJ
and Shepherd SA (eds) Biology of Seagrasses. A Treatise
on the Biology of Seagrasses with Special Reference to the
Australian Region, pp 686–722. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Les DH, Cleland MA and Waycott M (1997) Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II. Evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily. Systemic Bot 22: 443–463
Lipkin Y (1988) Thalassodendron ciliatum in Sinai (Northern
Red Sea) with special references to quantitative aspects. Aquat
Bot 31: 125–139