x
Contents
VI. Reproduction
393
VII. Dynamics of Carbon and Nitrogen
395
VIII. Food Webs
397
IX. Species Status and Anthropogenic Impact
400
X. Summary
401
References
401
18 The Biology of Thalassia: Paradigms and Recent Advances
in Research
Brigitta I. van Tussenbroek, Jan A. Vonk, Johan Stapel,
Paul L. A. Erftemeijer, Jack J. Middelburg, and Jay C. Zieman
I.
Introduction
409
II. Basic Environmental Requirements
410
III. Historical Development in Research
411
IV. Thalassia–Sediment Interactions
412
V. Nutrient Dynamics
412
VI. Plant Development
416
VII. Population Dynamics
422
VIII. Community Ecology
423
IX. Conclusions
430
Acknowledgments
431
References
431
19 Epiphytes of Seagrasses
I.
Introduction
441
II. The Role of the Epiphytic Organisms
441
III. Distribution and Abundance of Epiphytic Organisms
443
IV. Factors Affecting Distribution and Abundance
450
V. Conclusions
456
References
456
20 The Central Role of Grazing in Seagrass Ecology
I.
Introduction
463
II. Philosophy of the Review
465
III.
466
IV. The Modern Seagrass Community Interaction Web
467
V. Direct Grazing on Seagrasses
468
VI. Indirect Effects of Grazing on Seagrass Communities: A Delicate Balance
481
VII. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Control in Seagrass Communities
485
VIII. Alternate Stable States in Seagrass Ecosystems?
488
IX. Questions and Recommendations for Future Research
489
X. Summary
491
Acknowledgments
492
References
492
409–439
441–461
463–501
Michael A. Borowitzka, Paul S. Lavery, and Mike van Keulen
An Evolutionary Perspective on Seagrasses and their Grazers
John F. Valentine and J. Emmett Duffy